Комплекс тренировочных упражнений для подготовки к заданию 40 (развернутое высказывание с элементами рассуждения) в ЕГЭ

СОДЕРЖАНИЕ

Введение 3

ГлаваI. Комплекс тренировочных упражнений для подготовки

к заданию 40 (развернутое высказывание с элементами рассуждения)

в ЕГЭ 6

1.1 Упражнения на формирование умения постановки проблемы 8

1.2 Упражнения на формирование умения высказать свое

мнение и аргументировать его 11

1.3 Упражнения на формирование умения представить другую

точку зрения и дать аргументацию 15

1.4 Упражнения на формирование умения приводить контраргументы, отстаивая свою точку зрения 16

1.5 Упражнения на формирование умения подтверждать своё мнение 18

1.6 Упражнения на формирование умения правильно использовать языковые средства и соблюдать объём 21

Список использованных источников 28

Приложение 29

ВВЕДЕНИЕ

ЕГЭ является итоговой формой контроля иноязычной коммуникативной компетенции. Структура и содержание ЕГЭ тесно связано с целями обучения иностранным языкам в школе.

Единый государственный экзамен представляет собой экзамен с использованием заданий стандартизированной формы – контрольных измерительных материалов, выполнение которых позволяет установить уровень освоения участниками ЕГЭ федерального государственного стандарта среднего (полного) общего образования.

Назначение единого государственного экзамена по иностранным языкам – оценить общеобразовательную подготовку по иностранному языку выпускников XI классов общеобразовательных учреждений с целью их государственной (итоговой) аттестации и конкурсного отбора в учреждения среднего и высшего профессионального образования. Экзаменационная работа содержит письменную и устную части. Письменная часть в свою очередь включает четыре раздела: «Аудирование», «Чтение», «Грамматика и лексика» и «Письмо». Для дифференциации экзаменуемых по уровням владения иностранным языком в пределах, сформулированных в Федеральном компоненте государственного стандарта среднего (полного) общего образования по иностранным языкам, во все разделы включаются наряду с заданиями базового уровня задания более высоких уровней сложности. В работу по иностранным языкам включены 38 заданий с кратким ответом и 6 заданий открытого типа с развернутым ответом.

Данная работа посвящена формированию стратегий выполнения тестовых заданий в формате ЕГЭ на примере раздела «Письмо», а именно – задания 40 «Развёрнутое письменное высказывание с элементами рассуждения».Актуальность темы обусловлена недостаточным количеством тренировочных упражнений во многих УМК, направленных на формирование умений и навыков написания эссе при подготовке учащихся к ЕГЭ. Задания подобного плана всегда вызывают большое количество затруднений, а разработка методики обучения письменной продуктивной речи представляется весьма значимой по причине введения требований к подсчету процента текстуальных совпадений при выполнении заданий.

В задании 40 оцениваются такие умения, как:

– строить развернутое высказывание в контексте коммуникативной задачи и в заданном объеме;

– выражать собственное мнение/суждение;

– аргументировать свою точку зрения;

– приводить примеры в поддержку высказанных суждений;

– описывать события/факты/явления

– делать выводы;

– последовательно и логически правильно строить высказывание;

– использовать соответствующие средства логической связи;

–лексически, грамматически, орфографически и пунктуационно правильно оформить текст;

–стилистически правильно оформить текст (в соответствии с поставленной задачей – нейтрально).

Основнаяцель данной работы: предоставить учащимся и учителям необходимый материал для отработки стратегий выполнения задания 40 раздела «Письмо», представленного в ЕГЭ. С этой целью в работе дается полная информация о структуре раздела ЕГЭ «Письмо», о цели этого задания в данном разделе, а главное — советов по его оптимальному выполнению. Эти советы можно рассматривать как алгоритм, который поможет избежать потери времени на экзамене, повысить осознанность действий иконцентрацию внимания на ключевых моментах задания.

Исходя из цели, были выделены следующие задачи:

изучить учебную и методическую литературу по данной теме;

познакомиться с материалами в сети интернета;

рассмотреть многообразие упражнений;

составить комплекс упражнений на развитие продуктивных речевых умений и навыков написания развернутого высказывания с элементами рассуждения.

Для успешной сдачи данной части экзамена, первое и главное – это составление правильной стратегии и применение ее на практике.

Стратегия включает в себя: временную организацию, соответствие объема выполненного задания, требуемого в рамках экзамена, четкий план письма, знание правил оформления эссе (включая умение избегать типичных ошибок).

  Практическая значимость. Материалы работы можно использовать на занятиях под руководством учителя или в ходе самостоятельной подготовки учащихся к экзамену. Предложенные задания позволяют проверить и оценить уровень готовности учащихся к выполнению заданий ЕГЭ в разделе «Письмо», определить сильные и слабые стороны своей подготовки, восполнить имеющиеся пробелы.

ГЛАВАI. КОМПЛЕКС ТРЕНИРОВОЧНЫХ УПРАЖНЕНИЙ ДЛЯ ПОДГОТОВКИ К ЗАДАНИЮ 40 (РАЗВЕРНУТОЕ ВЫСКАЗЫВАНИЕ С ЭЛЕМЕНТАМИ РАССУЖДЕНИЯ) В ЕГЭ

В кодификаторе элементов содержания и требований к уровню подготовки выпускников образовательных организаций для проведения единого государственного экзамена по английскому языку определена структура и содержание КИМ ЕГЭ.

В первом разделе дан перечень элементов содержания, проверяемых на экзамене. Элементы содержания, проверяемые в разделе «Письмо» (задание №40), прописаны в пункте 4.4: написание делового письма с употреблением формул речевого этикета, принятых в стране/странах изучаемого языка в соответствии со спецификой/ с типом письменного текста.

Во втором разделе приведен перечень требований к уровню подготовки выпускников, достижение которых проверяется на едином государственном экзамене по английскому языку. В пункте 2.4.6П прописаны знания, умения, навыки, проверяемые в разделе «Письмо» (задание № 40). Выпускник должен уметь описывать факты, явления, события, выражать собственное мнение/суждение, а также употреблять в речи различные средства связи в тексте для обеспечения его целостности (firstly,finally,atlast,intheend, however и т.д.) (пункт 3.3.29).

Спецификацияформулирует назначение экзаменационной работы, определяет ее структуру и содержание, регламентирует распределение заданий по содержанию и видам проверяемых умений, а также по уровню сложности, устанавливает требования к составлению экзаменационных заданий, систему оценивания работы в целом и ее отдельных частей, а также время на выполнение работы.

Общие стратегии написания письменного высказывания с элементами рассуждения:

строить высказывание в соответствии с предложенным планом;

начинать введение следует с общего представления темы и предложения, отображающего ее проблемный характер;

во введении перефразировать тему/проблему, данную в задании, не повторяя ее дословно;

при планировании письменного высказывания сначала продумать ключевые фразы каждого абзаца;

делить текст на абзацы, которые отражают логическую и содержательную структуру текста;

каждый абзац должен быть написан соответствующим образом (рекомендуется в первом предложении абзаца выразить его основную мысль и далее ее развивать, подкреплять примерами и аргументами и т. д.);

введение и заключение должны быть приблизительно одинаковы по объему;

в основной части должно быть как минимум два абзаца, приблизительно одинаковых по размеру;

общий объем основной части не должен быть меньше общего объема введения и заключения;

особое внимание уделять средствам логической связи текста, как внутри предложений, так и между предложениями.

правильно использовать языковые средства.

Особо важно в письменном высказывании с элементами рассуждения «Ваше мнение»:

в основной части сначала высказать свое мнение и аргументировать его, затем представить другую точку зрения и дать аргументацию, почему вы с ней не согласны;

приводя контраргументы, отстаивая свою точку зрения, желательно выражать свое мнение не теми же словами, что раньше, а использовать перифраз, синонимию;

в заключительном абзаце (заключении) еще раз указать на проблемный характер темы; показать, что, хотя у вас есть свое мнение, вы способны видеть и другие точки зрения; тем не менее, своя кажется вам более убедительной.

Максимальное количество баллов, которые можно получить за письменное высказывание с элементами рассуждения по предложенной проблеме –14 баллов.

Уровень сформированности комплекса продуктивных речевых умений и навыков выпускников определяется экспертами, прошедшими специальную подготовку для проверки заданий ЕГЭ в соответствии с методическими рекомендациями по оцениванию заданий с развернутым ответом, подготовленными ФИПИ, на основе критериев и схем оценивания выполнения заданий раздела «Письмо» и дополнительных схем оценивания конкретных заданий.

Рекомендуемое время на выполнение задания - 60 минут, что составляет примерно 30,7% от общего количества времени (195 минут).

На основании вышеизложенного, привожу комплекс упражнений.

Данный комплекс упражнений был составлен с учётом критериев оценивания задания №40 и позволяет развивать умения, соответствующие каждому из проверяемых аспектов.

Упражнения на формирование умения постановки проблемы

Критерий 1. Решение коммуникативной задачи.

Аспект 1. Вступление – постановкапроблемы

Task 1.

Comment on the following statement.

Some people think that they can’t solve the world’s environmental problems on their own and that the government must care about these problems, others think the other way round.

What is your opinion? Is it the duty of the government or every person can make his contribution in solving this problem?

Task 2.

Для первого абзаца сочинения перефразируйте следующие задания, вы­разив две противоположные точки зрения на проблему.

Например:

Some people think that one cannot live without music. However, others consider music unnecessary in our life.

Most people are fond of music and many have it as a hobby or profession. Others do not have any time to listen to music and hardly ever do it.

Some people think that it is possible to get good university education only abroad and preferably in England.

Some people think that professional sport is too traumatic to be healthy,too demanding to be combined with good education and getting adequate social experience for children and teenagers to practice.

Some people think that when children reach the age of 18 and finish school,they can and should start living on their own.

Some people think that in the future traditional shops will disappear and all shopping will be online with home delivery.

Some people think that riding a bicycle is the main way to reduce trafficjams in big cities.

Task 3.

The first sentence is the topic sentence of the paragraph. It includes all the other sentences, which help to support the main idea. Determine the topic sentence for each paragraph.

C ommentоn the following statement.

Someреорlе think that it is necessary to follow and keep family traditions. Others disagree considering them outdated and old-fashioned.

What is your opinion? Do you agree with this statement?

Write200-250 words.

а.Asа rule, families consist of representatives of different generations.

b. Some people believe that these relations are very important because the elder generation passes оn traditions which help to develop the family.

с. Family is the smallest part of our society which plays а very important

role nowadays.

d. Others consider that it is nоt essential аnd members of the family саn grow tired of traditions.

е.Parents usually teach their children.

Task 4.

Read the following fragments. Analyze their logic using the tаblе below. Give your recommendations оnhow to improve the text.

C omment on the following statement.

Some people believe that reading is the most important way to form оnе’s personality.

What is your opinion? Do you agree with this statement?

Write200-250 words.

People have always been fond of reading. They have different preferences: historical novels, detective stories, science fiction, poetry, etc. It is important to note that books influence us because we think about different problems when we read books. That is why books help us to build our character and they are the main way to do it. At the same time, we can find the opinion that there are different ways to formаpersonality and books are one of them.

Yes /No

1. The paragraph discusses the following aspects presented in the task (make an introduction, state the problem).

2.It is clearly organized.

3.The topic sentence is related to the main topic.

4.The ideas are well developed.

5.The paragraph doesn’t соруthe task too directly.

6. The paragraph contains all the necessary components. It states the problem and shows controversial points of view.

Which of these statements show the strengths or weaknesses of the fragment

above?

Task 5.

Circle the topic of the sentence. Underline the main idea about the topic.

(Switzerland) is a very interesting country to visit.

Dogs make excellent pets.

A really good place to study is the library at my school.

Learning a foreign language creates job opportunities.

Football is my favourite sport because it is exciting to watch.

One of the most valuable tools for students is the computer.

My sister and I have very different personalities.

Summer is the best time to travel in my country.

Упражнения на формирование умения высказать свое мнение и аргументировать его

Аспект 2. Мнение автора с 2-3 аргументами

Task 1.

Read the following fragments. Complete them with the linking phrases which are used to introduce arguments. You сап findthem in the tаble. Mind the punctuation.

Тоmуmind, healthy appearance isn't related to the sun-tanned look. People who spend а lot of time in the sun cannot bе fit because the sun provokes different illnesses from sunburn to different types of cancer. These people can рауа lot of attention to their appearance but they can forget really important factors which help them to bе fit, for example, sports or healthy eating. The sun-tanned look is аpopular image which has аwonderful advertising in mass-media and fashion industry.

Task 2.

Read the tasks and the beginning of the second paragraph where the opinion is stated. Look at the arguments presented in the word web. Finish writing the paragraph using these arguments.

Comment on the following statement.

Some people think that school holidays are too long and it is necessary to shorten them.

What is your opinion? Do you agree with this statement?

Write 200-250 words.

Task 3.

Выскажите свое обоснованное суждение по заданной проблеме (тезису), выбрав наиболее убедительный, с вашей точки зрения, аргумент и подкрепив его системой доводов.

Например,

1) Students will widely use computers and e-books for studying in the future.

2) What people wear says a lot about who they are and what they do.

Task 4. Making a list

Write single words, phrases that are connected to your topic. Look at this list a student made when brainstorming ideas to write about her topic. “What should I study at university?”

history – learning about the past

maths (too difficult, not interesting?)

What job do I want later?

English for work? Travel?

Writing?

Science – biology, chemistry

I don’t like physics!

journalism

Task 5.

Do these types of writing use mostly facts, mostly opinions, or an even mixture of both? Write F for fact, O for opinion, or B for both. Explain your choices to a partner.

…………………film review

…………………advice column

………………….police report of a crime

………………….travel brochure

…………………..news report

……………………book report for a university literature class

…………………..magazine advertisement

…………………..personal e-mail to a friend

Task 6.

Read the two paragraphs above and answer the questions. Which paragraph mostly compares and which mostly contrasts? Finish filling in the outlines for each paragraph.

Block organization: Paragraph 1

Topic sentence: Reading a story in a book is often very different from seeing it as a film.

Topic A – reading a book

Supporting points:

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………

Topic B – seeing it as a film

Supporting points:

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………

Упражнения на формирование умения представить другую точку зрения и дать аргументацию

Аспект 3. Противоположная точка зрения с 1-2 аргументами.

Task 1.

Ways to introduce the opposing point of view. Read the following fragments. Underline the phrases which are used to show the opposing opinion. Рауattention to the punctuation.

However, some people think that studying abroad is not effective and it doesn't always provide а good education. They believe that when students study abroad, they have language problems and sometimes they don't understand lectures, books, etc. It causes poor knowledge. In spite of this opinion, Imaintain the idea that students should study abroad because they саn widen their outlook and learn nеw technologies.

Task 2.

Read the following extracts. Use the table below and analyze their logical structure. Give your recommendations оnhow to improve the texts.

However, some people think that the most effective factor to form аpersonality is reading. People can choose books about various problems and they make them think and analyze different situations and people's behavior. At the same time, I do not agree because not only books influence people's character. I am sure that it is necessary to take into consideration different aspects of personal life and analyze their role.

Yes/No

1.The paragraph discusses the following aspects presented in the task. (It expresses an opposing opinion and give1 -2 reasons for this opposing opinion and explains why you don't agree with the opposing opinion.)

2. It is clearly organized.

3. The opinion is clear and it is based on the problem presented in the first paragraph.

4. The arguments are well developed.

5.The paragraph doesn't соруthe task too directly.

6. The paragraph contains all the necessary components. It has аclear explanation why the writer doesn't agree with the opposing opinion.

Which of these statements show the strengths or the weaknesses of the text above?

1.4 Упражнения на формирование умения приводить контраргументы, отстаивая свою точку зрения

Аспект 4. Контраргумент

Task 1.

Выразите частичное согласие с аргументом воображаемого оппонента. Предложитеконтрдоводывсоответствиисмнениемавтора.

Topic: Students will widely use computers and e-books for studying in the future.

Task 2.

Read these thesis statements below. Write + (strong thesis statement), F (fact only—a weak thesis statement), or N (no clear opinion—a weak thesis statement).

a. The top government official in my country is the prime minister.

b. Some people prefer digital cameras, while others like traditional cameras.

С. India became an independent country in 1947.

d. To be a successful student, good study habits are more important than intelligence

e. There are several advantages of owning a car, but there are also many disadvantages.

f. Half of the families in my country own a house.

g. Using public transport would be one of the best ways to solve the traffic and pollution problems in cities around the world.

h. While travelling, staying in a hotel offers more comfort, but sleeping in a tent is less expensive.

i. Classical music concerts are very popular in my country.

j. In order to create a successful advertisement, it is necessary to consider three issues: who should be targeted, where the advert should be placed, and what type of advert should be made.

1.5 Упражнения на формирование умения подтверждать своё мнение

Аспект 5. Заключение с подтверждением позиции автора.

Task 1.

Match the sentences to draw the conclusion. Which model does each text refer to?

Task 2.

Read the beginning of the essays, write the conclusions based оnthe problems. Remember the above-mentioned useful tips forwriting.

The 20th century has brought а lot of inventions, among them television, computers and the Internet. It is impossible to imagine our world without them. The development of new technologies influences our life and new devices surround us at work and at home. Some people think that technologies are changing and they are replacing each other. That is why people will use computers and the Internet and television will disappear soon. Others disagree because of the great impact of television.

Task 3.

А. One of the ways to draw an impressive conclusion is to use an appropriate proverb. Read the following phrases.

В. Read the following conclusions. Complete them with the appropriate proverb.

According to the arguments presented above, we would like to conclude that true friendship cannot bе damaged. Neither money nor other things can harm it. That is why Iinsist that money does not cause misunderstanding between friends…

Аспект 6. Стилевое оформление.

Read the following sentences. Which are formal and which are informal? Which sentences are beginnings and which are endings of a letter?What kind of letter does each sentence belong to?

I can’t wait to see you again, and don’t forget to let me know if there’s anything I should bring to the barbecue.

I am writing to inform you about some changes in the schedule for next term’s courses.

We’re organizing a party and would be really glad if you could come.

Once again, I can’t tell you how awful I feel about missing your birthday party.

I am writing to complain about the products I received from your com­pany.

I look forward to receiving your advice on this matter.

1.6 Упражнения на формирование уменияправильно использовать языковые средства и соблюдать объём Критерий 2. Организация текста. Аспект 1. Логичность

T

What should I study at university?

a…………It wasn’t an easy decision, but for the reasons listed above, I have decided to study journalism.

b…….. It can be difficult to choose a subject to study at university because there are so many choices, but by considering my skills and interests, I have decided to study journalism.

c…….. I have always enjoyed writing, so it is sensible to choose a subject that involves writing. When I begin working, I would like to have the opportunity to travel, and travel is often an important part of a journalist’s job. Finally, I am also interested in photography, and pictures are very important in journalism.

The……………. Is usually the first sentence in a …………... . Itgivesthe…………….. andthe………….. .

Thefirstsentenceofaparagraphcanbe………… .

The…………….. come after the topic sentence, and they explain the topic sentence.

The………………comesattheendofaparagraph.

Аспект 2. Деление на абзацы

Label each statement T for thesis statement, M for main idea, S for supporting point, or C for conclusion.

Title: The Benefits of Yoga

We must reduce stress for secondary school students.

Teenagers spend so much time using their mobile phones that they are no longer skilled at face-to-face interaction.

We need to find ways to protect young children from violence on television.

Task 3.

Read the rule. Using contrastive structures.

These words and phrases are used for writing contrasts:

Complete these sentences with phrases from above.

Some tourists enjoy going on organized tours, ___________ many other tourists prefer travelling on their own.

The two books are very __________each other.

The cost of studying in a college or university in Britain is very high. ______in many other countries, the cost is much lower.

Changes in technology are occurring _________quickly________ in the past.

Критерий 3-5. Лексика. Грамматика. Орфография и пунктуация.

Task 1.

Add commas where necessary to the following sentences.

All along the route we could see beautiful wooded gorges shimmering lakes silvery rivers and majestic waterfalls.

The Windy Islands which are north of Sicily are fantastic. If you are near enough stop there for a while.

Suddenly out of the blue one of three boys walking towards me rushed up to me shouted something I could not hear and grabbed my bag in which I had all my valuables: my wallet my mobile phone my camera and my return train ticket.

From what I have seen of the documentaries some of the most beautiful shapes and colours of the world are found in plants fish and other organisms that live on the seabed.

T ask 2.Read the following fragments. Complete them with appropriate linking words. Observe the rules of punctuation.

Comment on the following statement.

Some people think that children should pass several exams every year. Others believe that it is better that they have оnly onе exam at the end of school.

What is your opinion?

Write 200-250 words.

It is essential to have exams regularly. Exams are а very important part of learning. They make it possible to control the pupils' knowledge.

E xams are not necessary. They cause stress. Pupils get so nervous. They check pupils'memory. They do not test skills and knowledge.

Comment on the following statement. Some people believe that parents are the nearest and dearest people for their children and they know best of all what it is necessary for their son or daughter.

What is your opinion? Write 200-250 words.

Parents cannot know their children's necessities entirely. They do not make decisions instead of their children. They саn give advice or recommendations to their children. Parents love their children and they should decide what is best for them. Their opinions and decisions are based on the kindest feelings. They cannot do any harm to their children.

Task 3. Read the following essay. Complete it with appropriate adjectives and adverbs to enrich the text.

C omment on the following statement.

Some people think that teachers are responsible for the pupils’ knowledge.

What is your opinion?

Write 200-250 words.

It is considered that the purpose of school is to equip pupils with knowledge. Pupils study subjects and find out facts. They learn poems, theories, dates, equations, etc. Knowledge includes branches of science. Some people believe that teachers should influence the pupils' knowledge. Others disagree saying that knowledge depends on pupils and their interests.

То my mind, pupils are responsible for their knowledge and teachers can only help them. Firstly, pupils are interested in their knowledge because it is related to their jobs. Secondly, knowledge is important for any person. People will respect you if you have knowledge <…>.

Task 4. Read the following fragments and change grammatical structure of some sentences to avoid grammatical repetition.

1 . When we want to achieve our goals, we work hard and try to do our best. We should concentrate on our task and plan our actions. We should рау attention to different aspects of the work because it helps us to succeed. Some people think that we should choose only one activity and try to do it properly. Others consider that we should have several tasks and we should organize our time and energy to complete them.

2. Modem education gives а lot of opportunities. Students can choose the university, they can study different subjects and they can study abroad. Some people think that pupils can study in different countries and they can widen their knowledge and develop their skills. Others consider that pupils can study in their home country and it is the best possibility for them.

Task 5.Find the 8 spelling and 4 punctuation mistakes in each of the following fragments. Correct the sentences.

I think that mobile fones are very usefull in our life. Firstly it is very conveniant, as people can call each other anywhere. Secondly the teknology of the cell phones helps us а lot . Each telephone has а carlendar, а camera, the Intemet, an alarm clock and others. No matter where we are there is an oportunity to connect to the Intemet, check your e-mails and find any necessary information. Besides many parents buy cell phones for their children just for safety. If а child gets into some troble he or she can call emergency sirvices or parents.

СПИСОК ИСПОЛЬЗОВАННЫХ ИСТОЧНИКОВ

Бодоньи, М.А. Английский язык. Подготовки к ГИА-9 и ЕГЭ. Задания с развёрнутым ответом: личное письмо, эссе: учебно-методическое пособие / М.А. Бодоньи. – Ростов н/Д: Легион, 2014. – 302 с.

Вербицкая, М.В.Английский язык. Методические рекомендации по оцениванию выполнения заданий ЕГЭ с развёрнутым ответом: учебно-методические материалы для председателей и членов региональных предметных комиссий по проверке выполнения заданий с развернутым ответом экзаменационных работ ЕГЭ / М.В. Вербицкая, К.С. Махмурян. – М.: ФГБНУ «Федеральный институт педагогических измерений», 2015. – 90 с.

Корчажкина,О. М. Английский язык. 10-11 классы. Пишем сочинение-рассуждение на ЕГЭ: практика аргументации: учебно-методическое пособие/ О. М. Корчажкина. – Ростов н/Д: Легион, 2015. – 176 с.

Evans Virginia,Successful Writing Upper-Intermediate/ Virginia Evans. -Newbury: Express Publishing, 2004. – 136 с.

Haines Simon, Real Writing 4 with answers/ Simon Haines.- Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011. – 112 с.

Zemach, Dorothy E., Academic Writing from paragraph to essay/ Dorothy E. Zemach, Lisa A. Rumisek. - London: Macmillan Publishers Limited, 2005. -132 c.

www.fipi.ru

http://www.english-study-cafe.ru/

Система упражнений формирования навыков письма при подготовке к ЕГЭ. Презентация. Клыкова Марина Владимировна. http://nsportal.ru/shkola/inostrannyeyazyki/library/2014/08/20/sistema-uprazhneniy-formirovaniya-navykov-pisma-pri

Кодификатор элементов содержания и требований к уровню подготовки выпускников образовательных организаций для проведения единого государственного экзамена по английскому языку «Федеральный институт педагогических измерений»/ Научно-методический совет ФБГНУ «ФИПИ» по иностранным языкам, 2017

ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ 1

Useful tips for writing an essay

Организация текста будет характеризоваться логикой, если в письменном развернутом высказывании будут использованы фразы-конструкторы (organizing phrases). Данные сочетания направлены на создание целостного текста и обеспечение логики изложения мыслей:

1. Введение мнения разных людей на рассматриваемую проблему:

Nowadays sоmе people hold the opinion that . . .

Others have а negative attitude . . .

Sоmе people might argue that .. .

Sоmе people hold the idea that .. .

Others believe that . . .

Sоmе people maintain the idea that . . .

Sоmе people warn that . . .

Sоmе people consider that . . .

Sоmе people claim that . . .

Others argue that . . .

Other people are of the opinion that . . .

Yet other people put forward the view that . . .

2.Введениесобственногомнения:

As far as I аm concerned, . . .

According to ту point of view, . . .

I believe . . .

I consider . . .

To my mind, . . .

In mу opinion, . . .

It seems to mе that . . .

3. Представление аргументов:

First of all, . . .

Besides, . . .

In addition, . . .

What is mоrе, . . .

Additionally, .. .

Firstly, . . .

Secondly, .. .

Thirdly, .. .

4.Введение противоположного мнения:

However, some реорlе think that .. .

However, some реорlе prove that .. .

Nevertheless, we саn find the opposing opinion . . .

At the same time, some people maintain the idea .. .

Nevertheless, some people disagree, saying . . .

5 . Настойчивое убеждение в собственной точке зрения:

However,Icannot agree with this opinion completely because ...

Iаm unconvinced that . . .

It is hard to accept that . . .

It is unjustifiable to .. .

I don’t believe that .. .

There is little evidence to support the ... that

Nevertheless, I feel ...

However, / think ...

Personally,Ibelieve ...

6.Представлениевыводов:

То conclude, .. .

In conclusion, .. .

To sum up, . . .

According to the arguments presented above, . . .

ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ 2

Tips on style of writing

ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ 3

Tips on punctuation

ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ 4

Keys

Критерий 1. Аспект 1.

Task 1. Answers may vary.

Task 2.Answers may vary.

Task 3.

1.Topic sentence: Family is the smallest part of our society which plays
а very important role nowadays.
2 Topic sentence: Health is the most important value in our life.
3. Topic sentence: Teenagers usually face а lot of problems.

Task 4. Answers may vary.

Task 5.

(Switzerland) is a very interesting country to visit.

(Dogs)makeexcellent pets.

A really good place to study is (the library at)(my school. )

(Learning a foreign language) creates job opportunities.

(Footballismy favourite sport because it is exciting to watch.

One of the most valuable tools for students is (the computer.)

(My sister and I)have very different personalities.

(Summeris the best time to travel in my country.

Аспект 2.

Task 1, task 2, task 3, task 4 – answers may vary.

Task 5.

ОorВe.F

Оf.ОorВ

Fg.В

Вh.ОorВ

Task 6.

Paragraph 1 mostly contrasts, and Paragraph 2 mostly compares.

Outline for Paragraph 1:

Topic A—reading a book

Use imagination; descriptions of people, places, things let you see the pictures in your mind.

Conversations with descriptions of how people look or feel let you create the characters in your mind.

TopicВ—seeing a film

Imagination not needed; pictures on screen give all necessary details.

Conversations are spoken aloud, so just watch and listen; feelings of people come from their faces, bodies, voices

Аспект 3.

Task 1 and task 2 – answers may vary.

Аспект 4.

Task 1.Answers may vary.

Task 2.

Аспект 5.

Task 1.

То conclude, it is important to note that London is а fantastic city
with fascinating sights and wonderful places of interest. Tourists can visit different
places such as museums, galleries, parks, etc. It is clear that а great number of
museums can bе considered as one of the most important features of the capital
of Great Britain but it is not the main feature. I am sure that the most outstanding
characteristic is related to the atmosphere of this city and its ancient buildings.

Task 2. Answers may vary.

Task 3.

B. A friend in need is a fiend indeed.

Аспект 6.

1)I

2)F

3)I

4)I

5)F

6)F

Критерий 2.

Аспект 1.

Task 1.

a. 3 b. 1 c. 2

Task 2.

topic sentence; paragraph; topic; main idea

indented

supporting sentences

concluding sentence

Аспект 2.

Аспект 3.

Task 1.

Instead

Specifically/ In particular

for example/ for instance

Instead/Rather

As a result/Therefore/Thus

Task 2.

Answers may vary.

Task 3.

but/while/though

different from

On the other hand, /However,

more ... than

Критерий 3-5.

Task 1.

a All along the route, we could see beautiful wooded gorges, shimmering lakes, silvery rivers and majestic waterfalls.

b The Windy Islands, which are north of Sicily, are fantastic. If you are near enough, stop there for a while.

сSuddenly, out of the blue, one of three boys walking towards me rushed up to me, shouted something I couldn't hear and grabbed my bag, in which I had all my valuables: my wallet, my mobile phone, my camera and my return train ticket.

d From what I have seen of the documentaries, some of the most beautiful shapes and colours of the world are found in plants, fish and other organisms that live on the seabed.

Task 2, task 3, task 4 – Answers may vary.

Task 5.

I think that mobile phones are very useful in our life. Firstly, it is very con­venient, as people can call each other anywhere. Secondly, the technology ofthe cell phones helps us a lot. Each telephone has a calendar, a camera, the Internet, an alarm c1ock and others. No matter where we are there is an opportunity to connect to the Internet, check your e-mai1s and find any necessary information. Besides, many parents buy cell phones for their children just for safety. If a chi1d gets into some trouble, he or she can call emergency services or parents.

Pre-writing

Step one: Choose a topic.

Step two: Gather ideas.

Step three: Decide which ideas you want to use and where to use them.

Drafting

Step four: Write your paragraph or essay.

Reviewing and revising

Step five: Check what you have written.

Rewriting

Step six: May need to ...

explain something more clearly

add more details

сhange your organisation.

Steps 5 and 6 may be repeated many times

Адрес публикации: https://www.prodlenka.org/metodicheskie-razrabotki/270030-kompleks-trenirovochnyh-uprazhnenij-dlja-podg