Проектная работа по теме «Охрана Окружающей среды»

Content

Introduction ………………………………………………... 3-4

Air pollution ……………………………………………….. 4-7

Air pollution in Russia …………………………………... 7-17

Ecology in Moscow………………………………………… 17-20

Ecological situation in Kapotnya…………………………........ 21 -22

Conclusion …………………………………….. ………………. .22-23

Used sources……………………………………………………… …24

Introduction

Ecology is a science, which studies the relationship between all forms of life on our planet and our environment. This word came from the Greek «oikos» which means «home». All living things are related to their environment. The Earth is our common home and we must take care of it.

Since ancient times Nature has provided Man with everything he needed: food to eat, water to drink, wood for building and fuel for heating and cooking. For hundreds of years Man used Nature’s sources and it seemed to people that the resources of Nature had no end.

With the industrial revolution our negative influence on Nature began to increase. Big smoky cities with thousands of people, polluting plants and factories can be found nowadays all over the world.

Ten years ago the word "ecology" hardly meant anything for the majority of people, but today we can't help bearing it in our minds.

Unfortunately, the idea of thinking about our planet and about the consequences of our activity appeared not so long time ago as it could be. Nowadays scientists from the different parts of the world try to solve ecological problems, but it isn’t enough to do our planet clean. We must protect our home all together, without any exceptions.

This report is devoted to different ecological catastrophes and to environmental protection. It summarizes the results of my survey into such global problems like «greenhouse effect». The aim of my report is the following: to show actual environmental problems, explain how they change our life and try to find the possible ways to solve them. I suppose that this topic is very actually nowadays and I hope that this information will appeal not only to my mind.

Air pollution.

An air pollutant is known as a substance in the air that can cause harm to humans and the environment. Pollutants can be in the form of solid particles, liquid droplets, or gases. In addition, they may be natural or man-made.

Pollutants can be classified as either primary or secondary. Usually, primary pollutants are substances directly emitted from a process, such as ash from a volcanic eruption, the carbon monoxide gas from a motor vehicle exhaust or sulfur dioxide released from factories.

Secondary pollutants are not emitted directly. Rather, they form in the air when primary pollutants react or interact. An important example of a secondary pollutant is ground level ozone - one of the many secondary pollutants that make up photochemical smog.

Note that some pollutants may be both primary and secondary: that is, they are both emitted directly and formed from other primary pollutants.

About 4 percent of deaths in the United States can be attributed to air pollution, according to the Environmental Science Engineering Program at the Harvard School of Public Health.

The air pollution kills 20 thousand people annually.

Major primary pollutants produced by human activity include:

Sulfur oxides (SO_x) especially sulfur dioxide a chemical compound with the formula SO₂. SO₂ is produced by volcanoes and in various industrial processes. Since coal and petroleum often contain sulfur compounds, their combustion generates sulfur dioxide. Further oxidation of SO₂, usually in the presence of a catalyst such as NO₂, forms H₂SO₄, and thus acid rain.[2] This is one of the causes for concern over the environmental impact of the use of these fuels as power sources.

Nitrogen oxides (NO_x) especially nitrogen dioxide are emitted from high temperature combustion. Can be seen as the brown haze dome above or plume downwind of cities.Nitrogen dioxide is the chemical compound with the formula NO₂. It is one of the several nitrogen oxides. This reddish-brown toxic gas has a characteristic sharp, biting odor. NO₂ is one of the most prominent air pollutants.

Carbon monoxide is colourless, odourless, non-irritating but very poisonous gas. It is a product by incomplete combustion of fuel such as natural gas, coal or wood. Vehicular exhaust is a major source of carbon monoxide.

Carbon dioxide (CO₂), a greenhouse gas emitted from combustion.

Volatile organic compounds VOCs are an important outdoor air pollutant. In this field they are often divided into the separate categories of methane (CH₄) and non-methane (NMVOCs). Methane is an extremely efficient greenhouse gas which contributes to enhanced global warming. Other hydrocarbon VOCs are also significant greenhouse gases via their role in creating ozone and in prolonging the life of methane in the atmosphere, although the effect varies depending on local air quality. Within the NMVOCs, the aromatic compounds benzene, toluene and xylene are suspected carcinogens and may lead to leukemia through prolonged exposure. 1,3-butadiene is another dangerous compound which is often associated with industrial uses.

Particulate matter Particulates, alternatively referred to as particulate matter (PM) or fine particles, are tiny particles of solid or liquid suspended in a gas. In contrast, aerosol refers to particles and the gas together. Sources of particulate matter can be manmade or natural. Some particulates occur naturally, originating from volcanoes, dust storms, forest and grassland fires, living vegetation, and sea spray. Human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels in vehicles, power plants and various industrial processes also generate significant amounts of aerosols. Averaged over the globe, anthropogenic aerosols—those made by human activities—currently account for about 10 percent of the total amount of aerosols in our atmosphere. Increased levels of fine particles in the air are linked to health hazards such as heart disease, altered lung function and lung cancer.

Toxic metals, such as lead, cadmium and copper.

Chlorofluorocarbons(CFCs), harmful to the ozone layer emitted from products currently banned from use.

Ammonia(NH₃) emitted from agricultural processes.Ammonia is a compound with the formula NH3. It is normally encountered as a gas with a characteristic pungent odor. Ammonia contributes significantly to the nutritional needs of terrestrial organisms by serving as a precursor to foodstuffs and fertilizers. Ammonia, either directly or indirectly, is also a building block for the synthesis of many pharmaceuticals. Although in wide use, ammonia is both caustic and hazardous.

Odors, such as from garbage, sewage, and industrial processes

Radioactive pollutants produced by nuclear explosions, war explosives, and natural processes such as the radioactive decay of radon.

Secondary pollutants include:

Particulate matter formed from gaseous primary pollutants and compounds in photochemical smog .Smog is a kind of air pollution; the word "smog" is a portmanteau of smoke and fog. Classic smog results from large amounts of coal burning in an area caused by a mixture of smoke and sulfur dioxide. Modern smog does not usually come from coal but from vehicular and industrial emissions that are acted on in the atmosphere by sunlight to form secondary pollutants that also combine with the primary emissions to form photochemical smog.

Ground level ozone (O₃) formed from NO_x and VOCs.Ozone (O₃) is a key constituent of the troposphere (it is also an important constituent of certain regions of the stratosphere commonly known as the Ozone layer). Photochemical and chemical reactions involving it drive many of the chemical processes that occur in the atmosphere by day and by night. At abnormally high concentrations brought about by human activities (largely the combustion of fossil fuel), it is a pollutant, and a constituent of smog.

P eroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) similarly formed from NO_x and VOCs.

Air pollution in Russia.

It is one of the main problems all over the world. Millions of chimneys, buses, cars, plants, factories and other industrial enterprises exhaust fumes and harmful substances into the atmosphere. Poisoned air is the main reason why it is hard to breathe in large cities with big amount of plants and transport (example – Nijnii Tagil in the Urals).

Human activity has been increasing the concentration of such gases like carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and water vapor in the atmosphere. Scientists expect to see a doubling of carbon dioxide over pre-industrial levels around the year 2065.

Every year the atmosphere is polluted by about one thousand (1000) tons of industrial dust. Among industries especially toxic wastes are made by enterprises of colour metallurgy, chemical, petrochemical, black metallurgy, woodworking, pulp paper industry etc. Big cities suffer from smog.

«Leaders» of wastes of harmful substances in an atmosphere in Russia during three last years are Krasnoyarsk region, the Tyumen, Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk, Kemerovo area and it is necessary to attribute this areas to a zone of the ecological catastrophe. The most contaminated regions are economic centers of Russian Federation and most populated. Now 2/3 population of Russia continues to live in conditions of dangerous air contamination.

Various chemical elements are intensively absorbed by our organism during breathing; it is harmful for our health. Air pollution is especially harmful for quality of genofond.

T he quality of atmospheric air is the most important factor influencing the health, the sanitary and epidemiological situation. Two thirds of population of our Federation live in the territories where the pollution level of atmospheric air does not correspond to the hygienic norms.

The density of tests of atmospheric air in Russia with the contents of harmful substances is about 6% of total, so it is in the Altai - 29% and in the Buryatia Republic - 24,6%, in the Krasnoyarsk Territory - almost 22%, in the Ivanovo - 20, the Kemerovo - more than 18%, the Ulyanovsk - 16,5% and in the Kaluga Regions - more than 15%.

By the way, the high level of air pollution in these territories was observed in the last years too.

Where is the most polluted air? Just there, where we live and spend the most part of our time - in the zone of living building if highways there are. Even in industrial districts (in the zone of influence of industrial emissions) it is in some cases much lower.

The waste treatment facilities applying could be help to decrease the pollutions. In the Murmansk Region, for example, only 50% of industrial sources of emissions are equipped with the waste treatment facilities.

And there is one problem more (here it is, the social aspect in the share of "the natural decline"!) - an average Russian still is not free to choose the house in which he would like to live in and the place on which this house should stand. It is expensive, he can't afford it. So he has to live there where he was lodged though the windowpanes blacken from soot during a week. But a window can be cleaned, and what about his own lungs?

Up to now hundred thousands people are compelled to live in the so-called health-protection zones (HPZ), i.e. in the sanitary-protection areas of the industrial enterprises where the pollution level of atmospheric air is extremely high. For example, in the Chelyabinsk Region more than 200 thousand people live now in these HPZ, in the Kirov Region - more than 20 thousand, and in the Samara Region - about 13 thousand persons.

One has a natural question: it is difficult to resettle people but what is being done for the improvement of the state of environment? In a number of regions arrangements for the reduction of the air pollution are being carried out. The federal programs of social-ecological safety for instance were realized in the Samara Region. During the last three years there were more than one hundred of such arrangements, including start operating of service the complexes for smoke gases cleaning in the Bezymyanskaya, Syzranskaya and the Samara thermal power stations; the natural gas as motor fuel began to be used on transport more widely; the systems of the additional smoke gases clearing are implemented in the plant "Metallurg"; the equipment in the Kuybyshevsky oil-refinery plant was modernized therefore the emissions of hydrocarbons decreased etc.

Similar environment protection actions were carried out also in the Lipetsk Region, in the cities of Krasnouralsk, St.-Petersburg and Moscow. The coke batteries were reconstructed in the Joint Stock Company (JSC) "Novolipezkiy metallurgical plant" in the Lipetsk Region; some actions are being taken with the purpose of decreasing of the lead loading on the population in the City of Krasnouralsk. Also the regional target program under the name "Protection of the natural environment from the lead pollution and decrease of its impact on the health of the population of the Sverdlovsk Region" operates.

Two capitals - Moscow and "The Northern Palmyra" - always drew special attention. The analysis shows that the City of St.-Petersburg is more cleaner than the City of Moscow. May be because it is smaller and may be, not in the last place, because the consumption of black oil as fuel was reduced in the thermal power stations (gas fuel makes 82%). Besides the Main State Sanitary Inspector prohibited importing into the city and selling of the ethylated gasoline. Thus still it is necessary to take into account, that in 2000 in the Northern Capital 67 facilities for the cleaning of atmosphere emissions were built and reconstructed and at the gasoline stations the systems of the gas-return are being installed - and this also decreases emissions. And for the Moscow this problem emission of polluting substances from the motor transport into the atmospheric air - remains one of the main problems.

Considerable effort is required if South Australia is to play its part in achieving national targets.

If take into the account that the share of these emissions is more than 90% - it becomes clear why the special programs of the "Decrease of emissions of polluting substances from the motor transport into the environment" are developed in the cities. As for specific results, so they prefer to hold them back. It is all we need to appear on any highway in the capital in a rush hour to understand how sharp this problem remains. The visitors of the capital look with surprise at the walls and windows of the houses in the Tverskaya-Street, the Leninskiy and the Kutuzovskiy avenues, on the Garden ring - they are literally grey from exhaust gases.

The most frequent reference to the Moscow as to "the main heroine" of the book should not confuse, because the authors give both the entire Russia, and the USA (and some American states) as an example (if we are dealing with the comparative analysis of decreasing of automobiles emissions or about the control over these emissions). Moscow keeps the first place on the emission of harmful substances of motor transport in the atmosphere (1,7 million tons or about 87% of the total emissions).

Such themes as "the city and the automobile", "motor fuel", "kinds of gas fuel", " environmental monitoring", "the multifuel gasoline station", "the pollution-free automobile", will be still actual for a long time because if even not all of us drive automobiles still we all breathe; it means it concerns or will concern everyone.

In 2000 the tests of air was carried out in 253 cities of Russia and it was found out, in 202 from them harmful substances in the air are over the limits. And 64,5 million persons live there, that is almost half of the population of Russia. And still there are regions in Russia where it is becoming simply dangerous for health to breathe, because the air is polluted in 10, and even more times than the limits are.

As a rule, the air are polluted by benz-a-pyrene, nitrogen dioxide, carbon bisulfide and formaldehyde. Usually carbon bisulfide is emitted into the atmosphere by enterprises, and nitrogen oxide - by motor transport.

The main part of the population of Russia lives in cities and industrial centres. The reasonable question is: and what is the quality of the atmospheric air there?

If we look on federal districts (and there are seven of them in Russia) so we get such a picture:

In the Central district (18 subjects of the Federation) the air was checked in 37 cities and it was found out, that only in 2 of them it corresponds to the limits. And the most unfavorable situation is in the City of Moscow and in the Moscow Region (9,1 Million persons, what makes 66% of the city population, breathe with the polluted air here);

In the North-West district (11 subjects of the Federation) the air was checked in 39 cities. As the result amount of harmful impurities above the permissible limits in 21 city was observed, and a high pollution level - in 5 cities, where almost 6 Million persons live, that is about the half of the population of this district.

T he most unfavorable situation is in the City of St.-Petersburg and in the Leningrad Region (almost 5 Million persons breathe with the polluted air here). Bad quality of the atmospheric air is also in the Nenets Autonomous Area; in the Southern district (13 subjects of the Federation) the monitoring of the air pollution was carried out in 31 cities and it was found out, that in 19 of them the harmful impurities are more than the permitted limit, and the high level of air pollution - in 10 cities where 4,4 million persons live, that is 36% of the townspeople of the district.

In two other cities the maximal concentrations exceed the permitted limits almost in 10 times.

The situation in the Volgograd Region is very adverse (1,5 Million persons, that is 75% of the townspeople breathe with the polluted air).

The same situation is in the Rostov Region and the Krasnodar Territory, and the worst air quality in this region is in the towns of the Karachaevo-Circassian Republic.

In the Privolzhskiy district (15 subjects of the Federation) the air quality was checked in 47 cities and in 41 of them harmful impurities exceed the limits. Thus in 27 cities where almost 12 Million persons (that is 52% of the population of the district) there is a high level of the air pollution. For example, in the Samara Region 76% of the urban population have to breathe with such an air (2 Million persons), the same number in the Nizhni Novgorod Region, in the Republic of Bashkortostan, in the Perm Region; the air quality in the Kirov Region is relatively high in comparison with them;

In the Uralsky district (6 subjects of the Federation) the air was checked in 17 cities and it was found out, that in 15 of them harmful impurities exceed the permitted limit, and in 7 of them the maximal concentrations were exceed more than 10 times. Almost 3 Million persons breathe here with high polluted air - especially in the Sverdlovsk and the Kurgan Regions;

In the Siberian district (16 subjects of the Federation) harmful impurities over permitted limits were found in the air of 48 from 55 checked up cities.

The Siberian Region is one of the most polluted in Russia

In 14 of them the pollution of the air basin exceeds the limits in 10 and more times. Almost 9 Million persons in this district (61% of the urban population) breathe with the poor-quality air.

The situation is relatively favourable only in the Republic of Tuva, and in the Irkutsk, the Novosibirsk, the Kemerovo and the Omsk Regions - the most adverse.

And, finally, in the Far East district (10 subjects of the Federation) 23 from 27 checked up cities indicated the air pollution above the limit, and 5 of them - more than in 10 times.

The situation is bad in the cities of Primorie and the Khabarovsk Territories, but it is the most adverse in the Kamchatka Region, where 81% of the urban population live in the zone with a high air pollution level.

At the first sight the situation is not quite logical: the industry in Russia works now not so intensively, as earlier, and the air remains dirty.

But the matter is that the atmosphere cannot be divided by borders, as the terrestrial territory. Polluting substances are transferred on long distances from one country into another. It is called transboundary air pollution.

F or example, in 2000 2,4 million tons of the oxidized sulfur and nitrogen fell out on the European part of Russia. More than half of this amount (57%) is the result of the transboundary transfer. And mainly - from the Ukraine, Poland, Byelorussia, Romania and Germany.

Of course, "the Russian air" wanders towards other countries too. But its share in the cross boundary changes is only 11,3%. In other words, the Russian enterprises located in the European part, emitted 1,4 Million tons of harmful substances into the atmosphere, but only 160,3 thousand tons of them dropped out on the territory of other countries.

One of the most painful problems is the fall-out of heavy metals, especially of lead. 2739 tons of it fell out on the European territory of Russia (68,5 tons of cadmium as well), more than half of it has the transboundary origin.

As for the lead, it is necessary to tell some words about it because the problem remains very acute. In 1997 the thorough analytical "Report on lead environmental contamination of the Russian Federation and its influence on the health of the population", also known as "The White book", was devoted to this issue (it was written and edited by REFIA. It is possible to familiarize with the full text of the Report on the REFIA web www.refia.ru).

And by 2000 the joint Russian-American work "Lead in the environment and health of the population of Russia" was issued.

Alas, lead danger is a reality for now. And not only for those who live in the cities close to the accumulator plant of St.-Petersburg or near the copper-smelting industrial complex in the Krasnouralsk; in the Gus'-Khrustalniy (manufacture of a glass and crystal) or in the Pervouralsk (copper-smelting plant). In the cities of Ekaterinburg, Saratov and Volgograd, for example, motor transport is the basic source of lead delivering into the environment.

But there is also both the aviation and the space-rocket engineering; even the hunting, which is habitual for many people. Why - hunting? Because after it almost one and a half thousand tons of lead substances (!) remain in the soil (land) annually.

S o, if we put it all together - it will be more than enough to kill everything alive around. Especially because of the fact that lead is not only toxic, but has the feature of accumulating in an organism (for mammals - in the brain and in the liver).

Certainly, the strategy for lead pollution control exists. But the advantage will be only when it will be implemented at least by halves. It is possible to hope the release of ethylated gasoline reduces; that doctors have learned to reduce negative influence of lead on the children health (they suffer in the first turn); that the copper-smelting industry will install new cleaning facilities etc.

The problem of lead is close to the existing in Russia problem of mercury. Though from almost 70 tons, which fell out from the atmosphere onto Russian territory, only 3,5 tons belong to the Russian sources, what makes only 5%. Other 95%, as they say, are brought be the wind - that means we speak about transboundary pollution again.

For the sake of justice it is necessary to say, that the neighbors are not guilty in all of our troubles with the air quality. For example, about 80 tons of benzo-a-pyrene fell out on the European part of Russia in a year, and more than 66 of them (that is 83%) - is a share of our own Russian sources.

Source: I. Pankeev, N. Rybalskiy, A. Dumnov, V. Snakin, A. Fyodorov, V. Gorbatovsky. The Environment of Russia on the Border Between the Millennia. The popular report on state of the environment in Russia. - M.: REFIA, NIA-Priroda, 2003.

Ecology

Moscow is situated on the watershed of the Oka and Volga rivers, in the centre of Moscow area. The border of Moscow passes basically on Moscow recirculating car road. The climate is mild and continental; average temperature of January -10 degrees, average temperature of July +17 degrees; rainfall - 450-650 mms per year. The Main river is the Moscow river. Now, let’s look at the map of polluted areas in Moscow. And we’ll see what region is the most polluted and then we’ll try to find the reasons of its pollution.

The main problem of Moscow is the pollution of air. Each year atmosphere gets 1.8 million tons of harmful substances 90% from them is due to motor transport, and it is very clean because in my native city 35% of automobiles are more than 10 years old. There motors have fulfilled. 94% of all machines are not equipped with special filters to protect environment from harmful gases.

T he number of automobiles in Moscow is growing from year to year, and ecologists predict that in some years it will plunge in smoke. Whether there is an exit from this situation?

The Moscow government has developed the new program. According to it in Moscow new roads and high ways will be constricted. It should solve the problem of transport circulation. On public transport there will be filters putted. And we will come to euro-1 euro-2 standards. It is also planned to develop the electric transport like monorail trains. In November of 2000 year the program “Strategy of struggle against motor transport emissions in Moscow” was accepted by Moscow government. But of course the process will not pass quickly.

In the centre of city the greatest influence on ecology has traffic (80% of the pollution in the circle of the Garden ring). Also its influens can be seen along large motorways (50-250 metres, depending on buildings and green plantings). Industrial enterprises are located mostly in the south-east (along Moscow-river) and in the east of the city. The cleanest regions are Yasenevo, Krylatskoe, Strogino, metro-station Lugo-Zapadnaya, and also out of the ring road - Mitino, Solntsevo. The dirtiest are Marino, Brateevo, Lublino, areas inside the Garden ring.

The eastern area

There are several large industrial zones on its territory which have a strong influens on ecology of the near-by areas. the cleanest regions are those that are situated near the forest “Losinyi Ostrov” and Ismailovsky park, and the areas out of the the circle motorway – Novokosino, Kosino, Dzulebino. The dirtiest are situated near central and south-eastern areas.

The south-eastern area

It's one of the most polluted areas in Moscow. The quality of air is influenced by Kapotnenskyi oil producing factory and Lublenskyi steel foundry, and also a lot of enterprises, which are situated along the Moscow-river. Enterprises which pollute the air are situated practically on all territory of the district. Practically all the districts of this area are polluted, especially-Marino, Lublino, Kapotnya.

South area

The quality of atmospheric air is basically affected by Kapotnenskiy oil producing factory and Lyublinskiy steel foundry. The less polluted municipal district (in order of pollution growth) are Chertanovo (including Varshavskoe motorway), Biryulevo. It is necessary to pay attention to microregions Brateevo and Orekhovo -Borisovo, in which, in spite of the small quantity of surges, relief terrain promotes the accumulation of harmful substances in the air that makes these microregion one of the most polluted in Moscow in that days, when air condition promote the accumulation of harmful substances in atmosphere. Exactly from these regions the most amount of complaint from population comes.

South-western area

This area is one of cleanest in Moscow. The cleanest municipal districts are Yasenevo, Teplyi stan, Severnoe Butovo. There aren't any specifically large sources of contamination of atmospheric airon the territory of this area, but large sources of contamination, located in South area, influence on the eastern part of this territory .

West county

The cleanest districts are Solntsevo and Novoperedelkino, which vare situated outside of MKAD. On territory of the district there are no large sources of contamination of atmospheric air, however there are several industrial zones (along Mozhayskogo sh., Kutuzovskyi prospekt), which greatly influence upon ecology of this region.

Northwest area

This area is the cleanest in Moscow. The cleanest municipal districts are Mitino, Strogino, Krylatskoe. There are no large sources of contamination of atmospheric air in it . Avtotransport doesn’t influence much on its ecology , except the regions which are along large motorways, leading through this area.

North county

The contamination in this area is not very strong. There is a large industrial zone near the metro station Voykovskaya. The south part is more polluted than the north part.

Northeasterly area

The northern part of it is cleaner than the south one. To the north of the metro station VDNH there are no industrial zones which greatly influence the ecology, however there are several enterprises, influencing upon ecology of thre near-by regions, in the south there are several not very large industrial zones and a great amount of motor transport.

Central area

One of the most polluteded areas in the capital. The main source of contamination of atmospheric air is transport. The main polluting substances are oxides carbon and dioxide nitrogen, sanitary rates of the last are more than 2-3 times at the average. Though there are no any large industrial sources of contamination .

Ecological situation in Kapotnya.

Now, let’s look at one of the south-eastern area of Moscow: Kapotnya.

Kapotnya district is located in south east of Moscow, on the place of Kapotnenskoye village, which was first mentioned in history in 1334 and situated on Moskva river high bank.

Kapotnya's most famous landmark is the oil refinery, which is seen from far away by high pipe with fire torch.

Asphalt and concrete factory as well as heat power plant TEC-22 are located there. Let's not forget about sewage treatment facility, located exactly in this district of Moscow. The very fact that Kapotnya is located in the south east, where a lot of industrial companies are placed, can't make it more attractive.

The atmosphere pollution in the district is aggravated by vicinity to the ring road. According to Buravtsvea, «the car emissions comprise 92% of all the air pollutants. The overall level of pollutants, emitted by cars, has increased for 10% for the last 5 years. The increasing number of cars in Moscow makes the problem more serious. Apart from the transport the air is being spoilt by heating oil power plant TEC-22. The Moskva river also can't display clear water and banks.

Another ecological problem of Kapotnya is an unfavorable wind rose, i.e. wind directions in the south east.

Conclusion

What do you think must be done to make the ecological situation of Moscow better? That is the question which was told to people on line.

RESULTS

It shows that 80% of Moscow citizen are interested in making our environment cleaner and that the main things they are interested is the air pollution which was produced by the plants and factories out of the city.

It shoes that people sees the problem, but as I have already sad they do nothing to solve It, that is why there must be strict government control on the pollution in big cities like Moscow, government must also think of the recycling of the waste products, and of course much more strict ecological laws must be made. There must be even Special Forces made to control the pollution in the streets and all these must be not on paper, but in the air we breathe, water we drink, and in the streets we are all walking through.

In conclusion there are some figures.

Carbon dioxide emissions

Total CO₂ emissions

10⁶ Tons of CO₂per year:

United States: 2,795

China: 2,680

Russia: 661

India: 583

Japan: 415

Germany: 356

Australia: 300

South Africa: 232

United Kingdom: 212

South Korea: 185

Used sources

I. Pankeev, N. Rybalskiy, A. Dumnov, V. Snakin, A. Fyodorov, V. Gorbatovsky. The Environment of Russia on the Border Between the Millennia. The popular report on state of the environment in Russia.

Beychok, M.R. (2005). Fundamentals Of Stack Gas Dispersion (4th Edition ed.).

Current Advances in Ecological & Environmental Sciences (Journal -2008).

www.yndex.ru

www.en.wikipedia.org

www.vedomosti.ru

www.ecolife.ru

Адрес публикации: https://www.prodlenka.org/metodicheskie-razrabotki/316630-proektnaja-rabota-po-teme-ohrana-okruzhajusch