Contextual Meaning of a Word. Lexical and Word Conformity

Прақтиқалық сабақ жоспары:

План практического занятия:

Сабақтың тақырыбы/ тема урока/ :Лексикалық сәйкестік Contextual Meaning of a Word. Lexical andWord Conformity

Сабақтың мақсаты/ цели урока/:____________________________________

To Explain Students’ New Theme Contextual Meaning of a Word. Lexical andWord Conformity.Дамыту/развивать:Тo Give Students New Information About Meaning of an English Word and its Contextual Meaning, with Attention on the Lexical and Word Conformity.

Енгізу/ прививать: To Learn Students To Be Fond of English Language, To Prepare Them For Working in Their Future Profession.Сабақты жабдықтау/ оснащение занятия:Lecture, plans, cards, tasksПәнарал және пәншілік байланыс /межпредм. и внутрипредм. связи:Lexicology,Theory of Translating. Оқушылардың білімдеріне іскергілігіне, ептілігіне қойлатын талаптар /квалификационные требования к знаниям, умениям и навыкам учащихся: To prepare students for translating in future work, using their knowledge in Practice. Практикалық сабақтың құрылымысы (жүргізу) / структура (ход) практического занятия: 1.Ұымдастыру бөлімі/ организационная часть: 3 мин 1.1Checking the register. Organization of the students’ attention. 1.2 Aims presentation. 2.Кіріспенің жобасы/ вводный инструктаж: 12 мин 2.1 Presentation of the new Theme for the lesson: Contextual Meaning of a Word. Lexical andWord Conformity. 2.2 The teacher explains new material: translating in practice and etc 3.Оқyшылардың өзіндік жұмысы және ағамдағы жобалар / самостоятельная работа учащихся и текущий инструктаж: 65 мин 3.1 Fixation of the new material: making exercises in oral and written form, auding and reading, translating from English into native language and from native language into English. 4.Қорытынды жобалар /заключительный инструктаж: 10 мин 4.1Барлық сабақа талдау жургізу/ анализ итогов занятия: Conclusion. Giving marks for the lesson.4.2Үйге тапсырма / задание на дом: The teacher gives home task and explains method of its doing.

Оқытушы / преподаватель:LyazatLi

Сабақ барысы/ ход урока:

Organization moment: Good morning, students!

Today is the 7^th of October, Tuesday. The weather is nice and I hope that your mood is nice too. We have new Theme at this lesson; it is Contextual Meaning of a Word. Lexical andWord Conformity. You should be very attentive because our new material isn’t easy. How words and their meanings are connected to each other in a written work. Most words have more than one meaning. The meaning of a word is determined through its contextual use; the words in the sentence that surround the word you are trying to define will give you contextual clues to help you define the word’s meaning. A word is defined within the context of a sentence. You must also pay attention to whether the word is used as a noun, adjective, or adverb.

ForExample: Snake

I was startled by a large black and yellow snake that was in the back yard sunning itself. My father told me that it was harmless, and that I should just leave it alone.

The man was a snake in his business dealings with the elderly couple. They ended up signing a contract for five thousand dollars for a new garage door when they could have purchased the same door for one thousand from another dealer.

The road snaked around the edges of the mountain. When I looked down I felt that we would slip over the side of the precipice at any moment.

In linguistics, context carries tremendous importance in disambiguation of meanings

as well as in understanding the actual meaning of words. Therefore, understanding

the context becomes an important task in the area of applied linguistics,

computational linguistics, lexical semantics, cognitive linguistics, as well as in other

areas of linguistics as context triggers variation of meaning and supplies valuable

information to understand why and how a particular word varies in meaning when

used in a piece of text. Keeping this question in mind, I have made an attempt here to

understand the nature, type, and role of context in the act of meaning disambiguation

of words used in a language. In contrast to the observation of earlier scholars, I have

identified four types of context that can help us to understand the actual meaning of a

word. At certain situations, although reference to the local context appears to be the

most suitable proposition, reference to other contexts also becomes equally important

to decipher the actual meaning of a word in a natural language text.

A word, when used in a piece of text, usually denotes only one meaning out of multiple

meanings it inherently carries. Although it is still unknown to us how does it happen, the

general observation is that it is the context that determines which meaning of the word should be considered. This observation, as a logical consequence, leads us to identify the context responsible for meaning variation of a word. The general conviction is that identification of context depends heavily on intuitive ability of a language user. I argue that natural language texts are the best resources for the task, since words are usually represented within these texts with all kinds of context-based information. Language corpora, made with different kinds of natural text, contain numerous examples of contextual use of words to provide useful information for understanding meaning variation of words as well as for deciphering their actual context-based meanings.

At last lesson I gave you as home task the preparation of presentation for the next points of our theme. And now as I think, you may come here for presentation your work.

Students’ presentations material:

Local Context (the first pair of students)

The local context refers to the immediate environment of the key word in a sentence where it has occurred, encompassing its immediately preceding and succeeding words. Conceptually, the immediately preceding (i.e., left) word (LW1), the key word (KW), and the immediately succeeding (i.e., right) word (RW1) (= LW1 + KW + RW1) constitute a lexical block, where the KW is the main member while the LW1 and the RW1 are supporting members. Systematic interpretation of the lexical block will supply necessary information to retrieve the contextual meaning of the KW. The members of the lexical block generate a network of semantic relationship from which the intended meaning of the KW is derived by integrating meanings provided by the LW1 and the RW1. Thus, in majority of cases, proper importance to the local context will help us to obtain the actual meaning of the KW. Within the sphere of structural

Even then, We find that the local context, with reference to all the words included in the

lexical block, helps us to deal with some of the problems of lexical semantics mentioned

below. First, the local context provides us necessary information to know if the KW holds idiomatic relation with its neighboring members.

Sentential Context (the second pair of students)

The sentential context refers to a sentence where the KW has occurred. It supplies syntactic information to know if the KW has any explicit or implicit syntactic relation with the other words used in the sentence. Evidences acquired two or three words maintains a special kind of relation although they are used at distant places within a sentence. It mostly happens in case of broken words, group verbs, idiomatic

expressions, and set phrases where the two constituents, despite their idiomatic or phrasal

relations, are separated from one another to be located at distant places in the sentence. In

these cases, the sentential context allows us to explore if there is any variation of meaning of the KW due to its relation with the other members located far away. The most complex task, however, is to identify the members with whom the KW maintains a special kind of semantic relation in the sentence.

It is not easy to identify which word is the most suitable candidate to be associated with the KW for idiomatic meaning, we need an MRD compiled with the lists of broken words, group verbs, appropriate prepositions, set phrases, and idiomatic expressions, etc. to help us to identify which two words, despite their distant location, have semantic relationship in the sentence to yield expected idiomatic meaning. Moreover, since a computer system fails in this mission, to identify related words as well as to decipher their meanings we need extra linguistic knowledgebase and native language intuition to deal with the problem of meaning disambiguation of words within a piece of text. Topical Context(the third pair of students)Taken together, the sentences display a network of meanings, which is not obtainable from individual sentences. Here, special meaning is possible to extract only when we refer to the topic and interpret the sentences with close reference to the topic of the text.

Global Context (the fourth pair of students)

Words are not isolated entities. They are actually interlinked with other words as well as with the extra linguistic reality. So does the meanings of words. The meaning of the KW is not only related to the meanings of other words occurring within local context, sentential context, and topical context, but also to extra linguistic reality surrounding the linguistic acts undertaken by language users. The verb forms of a language, for instance, usually evoke a scene of action constituting an agent, a patient, an item, a place, and a time— all coordinated in a particular discourse. This signifies that understanding

the meaning of a verb form under investigation we need to consider of all the elements in a cognitive

Teacher: As I said before most words have more than one meaning. The meaning of a word is determined through its contextual use; the words in the sentence that surround the word you are trying to define will give you contextual clues to help you define the word’s meaning. A word is defined within the context of a sentence. You must pay attention to whether the word is used as a noun, adjective, or adverb, and give us explanation of next words meaning. I give you ten minutes for working over these cards, you will work in groups.

Students’ work:

Initiative:

Last night I was so tired from football practice that I did not have theinitiative to do my homework, so I just collapsed on the sofa and watched TV instead.

The mayor had heard enough complaints about people drinking alcohol at the beach, so he worked to place an initiative on the ballot to make it illegal to be in possession of open containers of alcohol in public.

Gauge:

The driver looked at his gas gauge and realized that he needed to make a pit stop to fill up if he wanted to win the race.

The store owner was not about to be the victim of a robbery, so he kept a 12-gauge shotgun within arm’s reached under the counter near the cash register.

The candidate for governor did not know how the public felt about additional taxes to build more schools, so he polled one thousand people to gauge the general attitude toward his proposition.

Monstrous:

We went deep sea fishing and I didn’t catch a single fish all day, but Joe reeled in a monstrous yellow-fin tuna that weighed forty-five pounds.

The crowd at the concert was monstrous; the stadium could only hold fifty thousand people, but there were twice that number pushing against the gates to get in.

The student’s behavior was nothing less than monstrous; he yelled, threw his book at another student, and threatened to hit the teacher.

Pack:

I am going to Hawaii this weekend, so I won’t need to pack any warm clothes for the trip.

I would not go hiking in the forest alone because I had been told that a pack of wolves had been killing livestock in the area.

My back started to hurt because I had to carry so many books to school in my pack.

Sarah had been working for twelve hours straight at the convention before her boss told her to pack it up and go home.

4.Қорытынды жобалар /заключительный инструктаж/: 10 мин

4.1Барлық сабақа талдау жургізу/ анализ итогов занятия/:

___ Conclusion. Giving marks for the lesson.

Teacher:Very good work, thanks. Also I want to add that Contextual Meaning also gives the reader clues to the denotative (literal or specific) and connotative (interpreted or emotional) meanings of words.

At the end of our lesson, I thank you for your trying in this work, and I give you good marks. Answer my question, please: What have we known at this lesson today?

Home task to the next classes is (teacher gives away material) retelling and translating of this information, answering the given questions.

Thank you for attention, Good bye!

4.4Үйге тапсырма / задание на дом/: The teacher gives home task and explains its doing.

Оқытушы / преподаватель/:

Адрес публикации: https://www.prodlenka.org/metodicheskie-razrabotki/127322-contextual-meaning-of-a-word-lexical-and-word