Трудности аудирования аутентичных текстов

Как правило, одним из самых трудных аспектов речевой деятельности для обучающихся является аудирование. Причин для этого много. Во-первых, на аудирование отводится меньше всего учебного времени, во-вторых, для большинства учащихся восприятие иностранной речи представляет большую проблему из- недостатка практики; российские студенты , к сожалению, не имеют возможности регулярно, как европейские студенты, например, выезжать за границу, посещая молодежные лагеря, совершенствуя свои языковые навыки.

Но, на мой взгляд, кроме этих причин, скорее экономических, чем образовательных, причиной слабого развития навыка аудирования является недостаточная работа по постановке произношения самих обучающихся. В наших учебных заведениях хорошему произношению уделяется очень мало внимания; учащиеся иногда имеют слабое представление о длительности гласных, об оглушении согласных, а правильное произношение пресловутого межзубного звука или звука [r] уже является признаком хорошо поставленного произношения. Поэтому слушая английскую речь студенты стараются услышать именно те звуки, которые воспроизводят сами. И не слыша, не умея распознать правильно поставленные звуки, не узнают подчас знакомые слова!

Еще одной причиной непонимания английского текста в полном объеме может быть недостаток знания фразовых глаголов. Можно сказать, что фразовые глаголы для обучающихся – один из наиболее сложных разделов английской грамматики. Даже зная глагол, студенты затрудняются перевести его и/или понять на слух, если этот глагол сопровождается послелогом. Особенно если это редкая форма фразового глагола. Поэтому слыша, например, глагол gave, они переводят его знакомым словом «дал, дали…», не слыша или не обращая внимания на послелог up, меняющий значение всей фразы на «прекратил делать что-либо, отказался от чего-либо»… Между тем фразовых глаголов в английском языке достаточно много и количество их продолжает расти, т.к. британский английский много заимствует из американского английского, «богатого» на фразовые глаголы.

Ниже автор приводит список наиболее часто встречающихся фразовых глаголов. В приложении даются упражнения на их закрепление.

Фразовые глаголы

BRINGIN – занести внутрь.

BRINGUP – упоминать

   BURNOUT - обессилеть (в переносном смысле).

   CALL OFF-отменять.

   CATCH UP –нагнать

   CLEARUP – прояснять

   COMEABOUT – случаться, происходить

   COMEACROSS – натолкнуться

   COMEAROUND – изменить чьё-то мнение или позицию

   COMEBY – доставать, приобретать

   COMEOUT – закончиться

   COMEUP — возникать или упоминать

   CUTOFF – разъединиться по телефону

   DOOVER – повторить

   DROPOFF – возвратить

   FILLOUT — написать информацию, заполнить

   GIVEUP - прекратить или отказаться

   GET ACROSS – чёткоизложить

   GET AHEAD –преуспевать

   GET ALONG WITH – уживаться

   GET BEHIND – отстать

   GETONWITH – продолжать

   GETONE'SPOINTACROSS –донести свою точку зрения до слушателя       GETOVER – оправляться

   GET THROUGH – заканчивать

   GO AHEAD WITH – продолжать

   HOLD ON –ждать

   KEEP RIGHT ON ...ING – продолжать

    KEEP UP WITH - держаться наравне с кем-либо, не отставать

   LOOKOUTFOR - следить или защищать

   LOOKOVER - просматривать или исследовать

    LOOK UP TO- смотреть почтительно на кого-либо, уважать кого-либо

   MAKESUREOF - убедиться, удостовериться

   MAKEUP - мириться; навёрстывать, пополнять, возмещать

   MAKE UP YOUR MIND - решать(ся

   MIXUP - путать, перепутывать

   PASSOVER - пропускать, оставлять без внимания

   PICKUP - подвезти, подбросить

   PUTOFF - откладывать или мешкать

   RUNINTO - неожиданно встретить

   RUSHAROUND - торопиться, спешить

   SEETO - присматривать за, заботиться

   SITINON - присутствовать, или посещать что-либо, не внося оплату

   TAKEOFF - удалять, вычитать

   TAKEON - брать (работу).

   TAKEOVER – контролировать

   TRYOUT- пытаться, пробовать, делать попытку

   TURNOUT – выпускать

   TURNUP - внезапно появляться

   USEUP- израсходовать, использовать

Говоря о сложностях восприятия английской речи на слух нельзя не коснуться еще одной проблемы. Это так называемыеconfusinglyrelatedwords, т.е. слова, близкие по смыслу и произношению. Даже при зрительном восприятии этих слов у студентов может возникнуть неправильное понимание значения этих слов, т.к. они имеют схожее написание. При восприятии же на слух зачастую происходит полное непонимание части или даже всего текста. Единственным решением этой задачи может быть только предварительное ознакомление студентов с такими словами, работа с ними, неоднократное употребление этих слов в упражнениях. Ниже приводится список наиболее часто употребляемых слов, а в приложении даются упражнения на их употребление.

ACCEPT (verb) - принимать, соглашаться.

EXCEPT (preposition) - исключая что-либо или кого-либо

ACCESS (noun) – доступ

EXCESS (a) (adjective) - дополнительный, выше нормы.

ADVICE (noun) - совет.

ADVISE (verb) - советовать, консультировать.

AFFECT (verb) - действовать, воздействовать.

EFFECT (a) (noun) - следствие, результат.

(b) (verb) производить, выполнять, совершать.

AGAIN (adverb) - снова,опять.

AGAINST (preposition) -(а)против. (b) рядом,у.

ALREADY (adverb) - уже.

ALLREADY  (noun + adjective) - готовый сделать что-либо.

BESIDE(preposition) - рядом.

BESIDES(preposition or adverb) - крометого,сверхтого.

ASIDE (adverb) - в сторону.

COMPARE (verb) - сравнивать, сличать.

CONTRAST (verb) - противопоставлять, сопоставлять.

CONSIDERABLE (adjective) - значительный, важный, большой.

CONSIDERATE (adjective)- внимательный к другим, деликатный

DETRACT (verb) - отнимать, уменьшать.

DISTARCT(verb) - отвлекать.

DEVICE (noun) - устройство, способ или план.

DEVISE (verb) - задумывать, придумывать, изобретать.

ELICIT (verb) - выявлять, добиваться.

ILLICIT (adjectif) - незаконный, недозволенный, запрещённый.

EMIGRANT (noun) -эмигрант, переселенец.

IMMIGRANT (noun) - иммигрант, переселенец.

EXAMPLE(noun) - пример.

SAMPLE(noun) - образец,модель

FORMERLY (adverb) ранее.

FORMALLY (adverb) (a) элегантная вечерняя одежда, обычно смокинг для мужчин и длинное вечернее платье для женщин.

(b) официально, должным образом

НARD (adjective) (a) сложный

(b) твёрдый, жёсткий.

(adverb) (c) настойчиво, упорно, энергично.

HARDLY (adverb) едва,струдом.

HELPLESS (adjective) беспомощный

USELESS (adjective) бесполезный, никуда не годный.

HOUSE (noun) и HOME (noun)  часто взаимозаменяются, хотя есть некоторая разница в их значении, (a) House относится к зданию или строению.

(b)Home чаще всего используется в значении "семейный круг, домашний очаг".

IMAGINARY (adjective) воображаемый, нереальный.

IMAGINATIVE (adjective) одарённый богатым воображением

IMMORTAL (adjective) бессмертный.

IMMORAL (adjective) аморальный, безнравственный, распущенный.

IMPLICIT (adjective) подразумеваемый, невыраженный прямо.

EXPLICIT (adjective) ясный, подробный, высказанный до конца.

INDUSTRIAL (adjective) производственный.

INDUSTRIOUS (adjective) трудолюбивый, усердный, прилежный

INFLICT (verb) налагать (наказание).

AFFLICT (verb) огорчать, причинять боль, страдание.

INSPIRATION (noun) вдохновение.

ASPIRATION (noun) (a) стремление, сильное желание достичь чего-либо.

INTELLIGENT (adjective) умный.

INTELLIGIBLE (adjective) понятный,вразумительный.

INTELLECTUAL (a) (noun) мыслящий человек, интеллигент, интеллектуал. (b) (adjective) интеллектуальный, умственный.

INTENSE (adjective) сильный.

INTENSIVE (adjective) интенсивный,напряженный.

LATE (a) (adjective or adverb) поздний,поздно.

(b) (adjective) умерший, покойный.

LATELY (adverb) недавно, за последнее время.

LEARN (verb) учиться.

TEACH (verb) учить, обучать.

LEND (verb) и LOAN (verb) давать взаймы, на время одалживать.

BORROW (verb) занимать, брать на время.

LIQUEFY (verb) превращать в жидкое состояние.

LIQUIDATE (verb) ликвидировать, уничтожить.

LONELY (adjective) одинокий, томящийся одиночеством

ALONE (adjective) один.

NEAR (preposition or adverb) близлежащий,ближний;близко,около

NEARLY (adverb) почти,приблизительно.

OBSERVATION (noun) наблюдение.

OBSERVANCE (noun) обряд,ритуал,обычай.

PERSECUTE (verb) преследовать, подвергать гонениям.

PROSECUTE (verb) преследовать в судебном порядке.

PRECEDE (verb) предшествовать.

PROCEED (verb) возобновлять, продолжать.

QUANTITY (noun) количество (употребляется с неисчисляемыми (существительными).

NUMBER (noun) некоторое количество (употребляется с исчисляемыми существительными).

REMEMBER (verb) помнить, вспоминать

REMIND (verb) напоминать.

SENSIBLE (adjective) разумный, здравомыслящий.

SENSITIVE (adjective) чувствительный, восприимчивый, нежный

SPECIAL (adjective) специальный, особый.

ESPECIALLY (adverb) особенно, главным образом

USE (noun) применение.

USAGE (noun) употребление.

Ниже приводится еще один список так называемых commonly misused words, т.е слов, которые часто употребляются неправильно. Эти слова часто употребляются неправильно не только изучающими английский язык, но также и носителями языка. Их написание настолько схоже, что иногда их очень трудно различить. Другие произносятся одинаково, но очень сильно различаются по написанию и , что особенно важно, по значению.

ANGEL (noun) ангел.

ANGLE (noun) угол.

CITE (verb) ссылаться, цитировать.

SITE (noun) местоположение, местонахождение.

SIGHT (a) (noun) прицел.

(b) (noun) вид.

(c) (verb) увидеть, обнаружить.

COSTUME (noun) костюм.

CUSTOM (noun) обычай.

DECENT (adjective) порядочный,подходящий.

DESCENT (noun) (a) спуск.

(b) происхождение.

DESSERT (noun) дессерт.

DESERT (noun) (`desert) пустыня.

DESERT (verb) (de`sert) покидать,оставлять.

LATER (adverb) позже.

LATTER (adjective) последний (из двух названных).

LOOSE (adjective) просторный,широкий.

LOSE (verb) (a) терять.(b) проигрывать.

PASSED (verb) прошедшее время глагола pass (a) проходить. (b) проходить мимо. (c) сдать
PAST (a) (adjective) прошлый (b) (noun) прошлое

PEACE (noun) мир.

PIECE (noun) часть.

PRINCIPAL (a) (noun) директорсреднейшколы.

PRINCIPLE (noun) принцип.

QUIET (adjective) спокойный, бесшумный.

QUITE (adverb) (a) вполне, совершенно, совсем, полностью.

b) довольно.

QUIT (verb) прекращать.

STATIONARY (adjective) неподвижный, закреплённый

STATIONERY (noun) почтоваябумага.

THAN (conjunction) чем.

THEN (adverb) потом,затем.

THEIR (adjective) их.

THERE (adverb) (a) там.

(b) употребляется с глаголом be - есть, имеется.

THEY'RE (pronoun + verb) слияниеthey + are.

TO (preposition) к,в,на.

TWO (noun or adjective) два.
TOO (adverb) (a) слишком.

WEATHER (noun) погода.

WHETHER (conjunction) ли, который (из двух).

WHOSE (pronoun) чей.

WHO'S (relative pronoun + verb) слияниеwho + is.

YOUR (adjective) твой,твоя,ваш.

YOU'RE (pronoun + verb) слияние you + are.

Приложение

Упражнения

Перевести с английского на русский

Фразовые глаголы

1.It's raining. Bring your bike in now.
2. Тo take care of John brought the subject of drugs up. She was brought up by her grandmother.
3. The man was burned out by his job.
4.There was a bad storm so they called the party off.
 5.Тo come from behind I am so far behind that I won't catch up with my work for months.
 6. Perhaps more information would clear the problem up.
 7. None of us can understand how the plane crash came about.
 8. I came across your name in a newspaper article I was reading.
9.He's stubborn now but if you give him time, he'll come around.
 10. I'd really like a hat like that. How did you come by that?
 11.I got a good grade on my TOEFL exam. Everything came out well.
12.The topic of peace is very popular. It comes up often in our conversations.
 13. I was cut off while talking to my brother. Mary cut too much of her hair off.
 14. My professor asked me to do the experiment over.
 15. Please drop the book off at my office tomorrow.
 16. You need to fill the application out and return it to me tomorrow.
 17. He finally gave up smoking.
 18. He can lecture well. He knows how to get his point across.
 19. Competition forces people to try to get ahead of one another.
 20. Tom and Bill argue all the time; they don't get along well with each other.
 21. If you don't practice every day, you can get behind
 22. I have had enough of the delay. Let's get on with the lecture.
 23. He can lecture well. He knows how to get his point across.
 24. It's time for a test. Please get your notebooks out.
 25. Bill is angry now but don't worry. He'll get over it.
 26. If you eat a good breakfast, it will help you get through the day.
 27. You have my permission to go ahead with the experiment.
 28. Hold on a minute, please. I want to check your account.
 29. She told him to stop but he just kept right on singing.
 30. She runs faster than he does. He can't keep up with her.
 31. The cat looked out for her kittens whenever a dog came near.
 32. Could you look this report over and give me your opinion?
 33. I always looked up to my older sister when I was young.
 34. If John calls, make sure you tell him about the meeting tomorrow.
 35. They quarreled and then made up and forgot their disagreement. You can make up the homework you missed if you see me on Friday.
 36. He was very uncertain. He couldn't make up his mind where to go on vacation.
37. Be careful. Don't mix up our names in the future.
 38. He was passed over for a promotion. He didn't get a raise.
 39. We'll pick you up at 7:00 tonight.
 40. Don't put off for tomorrow what you can do today.
 41. I was downtown and happened to run into my friend Bob.
 42. During the holiday season it's common to find people rushing around the stores.
 43. I'm sorry my son broke your window. I'll see to it that he pays for it.
 44. I got permission to sit in on the class.
 45. The teacher took ten points off for each wrong answer.
 46. I always admire someone who is willing to take on the job of leadership.
47. The students took over the building during a student demonstration.
48. As soon as you return home, try out your new can opener.
49. This factory turns woolen goods out.
50. She couldn't find her purse, but later it turned up in the closet.
51. She needed to buy more detergent because hers was all used up.

СЛОВА, БЛИЗКИЕ ПО СМЫСЛУ И ПРОИЗНОШЕНИЮ

1.Professor Perez will accept the chairmanship of the humanities department
Everyone is going to the convention except Bob, who has to work.

2.The teachers had no access to the students` files, which were locked in the principal`s office.
We paid a surcharge on our excess baggage

The demand for funds was in excess of the actual need.

3.If you heed the teacher`s advice, you will do well in your studies.
The Congress advised the president against signing the treaty at that time.

4.The doctors wanted to see how the medication would affect the patient.
The children suffered no ill effects from their long plane ride.

To effect a change in city government we must all vote on Tuesday.

5.Mike wrote to the publishers again, inquiring about his manuscript.
The ahletic director wasagainst our dancing in the new gym.

The boy standing against the piano is my cousin Bill.

6.Jan`s plane had already landed before we got to the airport.
We are all ready to go boating.

7.There is a small table beside the bed.
I have five history books here besides the four that I left at home.
Harry sets money aside every payday for his daughter`s education.

8. Sue compared her new school with the last one she had attended.
In her composition, Marta chose to contrast life in a big city with that of a small town.

9. Even though Marge had considerable experience in the field, she was not hiredfor the job.
It was very considerate of Harry to send his hostess a bouquet of flowers.

10.Мolly`s nervousness detracted from her singing.
Рlease don`t distract your father while he is writing his checs or else his checkbook won`t balance.

11. This is a clever device for cleaning fish without getting pinched by the scales.
The general devised a plan for attacking the enemy camp at night while the soldiers were celebrating.

12. The prosecutor`s barrage of questions finally elicited the truth from the witness.
The politician`s illicit dealings with organized crime caused him to lose his government position.

13. After World War II many emigrants left Europe to go to the United States.
  The United States is a country composed of immigrants.

14. Picasso`s Guernica is an excellent example of expressionism art.
My niece loves to go to the supermarket because the dairy lady always gives her a sample of cheese.

  15.He formerly worked as a professor, but now he is a physicist.
  At the resort we were required to dress formally for dinner every night.

She has formally requested a name change.

  16. The test was so hard that nobody passed.

The stadium seats were hard, so we rented a cushion.

They worked hard on the project.
  He had so much work to do after the vacation that he hardly knew where to begin.

17.Because I could not speak their language, I felt helpless trying to understand the tourists' plight.
An umbrella isuseless in a hurricane.

  18.The Chapmans are building a new house in Buckingham Estates.

Home is where the heart is.

  19. Since Ralph has no brothers or sisters, he has created an imaginary playmate.
  Star Wars was created by a highly imaginative writer.

20. The immortal works of Shakespeare are still being read and enjoyed three centuries after their writing.
Their immoral behavior in front of the students cost the teachers their jobs.

  21. Our supervisor has implicit faith in our ability to finish this project on time.
  The professor gave explicit instructions for carrying out the research project.

22. Paul had an industrial accident and was in the hospital for three months.
Mark was such an industrious student that he received a four-year scholarship to the university.

23. Because the prisoners had created a riot and had assaulted several guards, the warden inflicted severe punishments on all the participants.
During the Middle Ages, millions of people were afflicted by the plague.

24. Thomas A. Edison, inventor of the phonograph, said that an idea was ninety-nine percent perspiration and one percent inspiration.
Gail's lifelong aspiration has been that of becoming a doctor.

To pronounce certain words, proper aspiration is necessary.

25. Dan was so intelligent that he received good grades without ever having to study.
 The science teacher's explanations were so intelligible that students had no problems doing their assignments.
Because Fabian is an intellectual, he finds it difficult to associate with his classmates who are less intelligent.

John was involved in an intellectual conversation with his old professor.

26. Last winter's intense cold almost depleted the natural gas supply.
Before going to Mexico, Phil took an intensive course in Spanish.

27. Professor Carmichael hates to see his students arrive late.

Herlate husband was the author of that book.
I haven't seen Burtlately. He must be extremely busy with his research.

28. The new cashier had to learn how to operate the computerized cash register.
The instructor is teaching us how to program computers.

29.Jillloaned (lent) me her red dress to wear to the dance.
I borrowed Jill's red dress to wear to the dance.

30.The ice cream began to liquefy in the intense heat.
The foreign agents tried to liquidate the traitor before he passed the information to his contacts.

31.After her husband's death, Debbie was very lonely and withdrawn.
After losing in the Olympic tryouts, Phil asked to be left alone.

32.My biology class meets near the Student Union.
We were nearly hit by the speeding car on the turnpike.

33. The ancient Egyptians' observation of the heavenly bodies helped them know when to plant and harvest.
There will be numerous parades and displays of fireworks inobservance of Independence Day.

34. Throughout history many people have been persecuted for their religious beliefs.
Shoplifters will be prosecuted to the fullest extent of the law.

35.Weather Service warnings preceded the hurricane.
After the fire drill, the teacher proceeded to explain the experiment to the physics class.

36.A large quantity of sand was removed before the archeologists found the prehistoric animal bones.
A number of artifacts were found at the excavation site.

37. I do not remember what time he asked me to call. You don't remember me, do you?
Please remind me to call Henry at 7 o'clock tonight. Henry reminds me of my uncle.

38.When it is raining hard, sensible people stay indoors.
Stephen cannot be out in the sun very long because he has very sensitive skin and burns easily.

39. Meyer's Department Store will have a special sale for their charge customers.
Rita is especially talented in the fine arts. She has a special talent for playing music by ear.

40. The salesman said that regular use of fertilizer would ensure a greener, healthier lawn.
Norm Crosby's usage of English vocabulary in his comedy routine is hilarious.

СЛОВА,КОТОРЫЕЧАСТОУПОТРЕБЛЯЮТНЕПРАВИЛЬНО

1.The Christmas card portrayed a choir of angels hovering over the shepherds.
The carpenters placed the planks at right angles.

2.In her term paper, Janis had to cite many references.
The corner of North Main and Mimosa Streets will be the site of the new shopping center.
Through the sight of the rifle, the soldier spotted the enemy.

Watching the landing of the space capsule was a pleasant sigh.

Wesighted a ship in the bay.

3.We all decided to wear colonial costumes to the Fourth of July celebration.
It is a custom in Western Europe for little boys to wear short pants to school.

4.When one appears in court, one must wear decent clothing.
The mountain climbers found their descent more hazardous than their ascent.

Vladimir is of Russian descent.

5.We had apple pie for dessert last night.
It is difficult to survive in the desert without water.
After deserting his post, the soldier ran away from the camp.

6.We went to the movies and later had ice cream at Dairy Isle.
Germany and England both developed dirigibles for use during World War II, the latterprimarily for coastal reconnaissance.

7. After dieting, Marcy found that her clothes had become so loose that she had to buy a new wardrobe.
Mary lost her glasses last week.

If Harry doesn't practice his tennis more, he may lose the match.

8. Five hours passed before the jury reached its verdict.

While we were sitting in the park, several of our friends passed us.

The students are happy that they passed their exams.
This past week has been very hectic for the students returning to the university.

In the past, he had been a cook, a teacher, and a historian.

9.Peace was restored to the community after a week of rioting.
Heidi ate a piece of chocolate cake for dessert.

10.Theprincipal called a faculty meeting.

An anthropologist, who had worked with the indigenous tribes in Australia, was the principal speaker at Friday's luncheon.
Mr. Connors is a man who believes that truthfulness is the best principle.

11.The night was so quiet that you could hear the breeze blowing.
Louise is quite capable of taking over the household chores while her mother is away.

He was quite tired after his first day of classes.
Herman quit smoking on his doctor's advice.

12.The weatherman said that the warm front would be stationary for several days.
Lucille used only monogrammed stationery for correspondence.

13.Today's weather is better than yesterday's.
First, Julie filled out her schedule; then, she paid her fees.

14.Their team scored the most points during the game.
 Look over there between the trees.

There is a book on the teacher's desk.
 They're leaving on the noon flight to Zurich.

 15.Goto the blackboard and write out the equation.
 Two theories have been proposed to explain that incident.
 This morning was too cold for the children to go swimming.

Jane went to the movie, and we did too.

 16.Our flight was delayed because of bad weather.
 Because of the gas shortage, we do not know whether we will go away for our vacation or stay home.

 17.The person whose name is drawn first will win the grand prize.
 Who's your new biology professor?

 18. We are all happy about your accepting the position with the company in Baltimore.
 You're going to enjoy the panorama.

Адрес публикации: https://www.prodlenka.org/metodicheskie-razrabotki/176249-trudnosti-audirovanija-autentichnyh-tekstov