Исследовательская работа по английскому языку «Английские заимствования в русском языке»

Research work in English

« English Borrowings in the Russian language»

Content

Introduction….............…..3

Chapter1. 1. The reasons of borrowing English word……………………………..5

Chapter1.2.Types of English borrowings………………………………………...7

Chapter2.The analysis of the results of the research…………………………….10

Conclusion……………………………………………………………….……......12

The list of literature…………………………………………………………….....14

Appendixes……………………………………………………………..…………15

Introduction

From the ancient times the Russian nation came into cultural, trade, military and political relations with other states that certainly led to the language borrowings. In different epochs words from other languages penetrated into the original Russian vocabulary. However, the national originality of the Russian language did not suffer at all from the penetration of foreign, as the process of borrowing is a natural way to enrich language. So the Russian language preserved its self-sufficiency and just got rich by means of borrowed words.

The process of word-stock formation is very long-drawn-out and complicated. It is also closely connected with the history of a nation. The Russian vocabulary in its modern state did not appear at once.

Our society is developing all the time and so the language changes too. Every year new words appear in languages. Each language has borrowed words and Russian is not an exception.

Russian people have been engaged in political, commercial, scientific and cultural relations with other nations since ancient times. Therefore, the Russian language has been enriched with many words from other languages. Our ancestry used new words to name new things; most of the borrowed words refer to nouns. It is quite clear that different age groups have different attitude for using English borrowings. In fact they are more popular among young people who tend to be more interested in new trends connected to European culture.

The aim of the research is to specify the reasons of borrowing English words in the Russian language and in the speech of teenagers.

The subject of the research is to study borrowing English words in the modern Russian language.

The objectof the research is lexical units of English origin and their derivatives.

The tasks of the research: Identify the reasons of borrowing English words in the Russian language;

Analyze theoretical materials related to borrowings

Classify the most used borrowings in the spheres of people's activity;

This work has a practical meaning because it helps pupils to get more information about borrowings in all spheres of life, pupils can use it in English and Russian lessons.

The following methods were used in the research:

1. Questionnaires;

2. The analysis and the synthesis dates of research;

Chapter1.1. The reasons of borrowing English word

The appearance of new words from foreign languages, their rapid consolidation in the Russian language is explained by impetuous changes in social and scientific life. So there are several reasons of borrowing words from the English language in XX-XXI centuries:

The advent of the Internet;

The expansion of inter-state and international relations;

The development of the world market, Economics, Information Technologies;

Flourishing of the international tourism;

The participation in Olympiads, international festivals, fashion shows;

The activation of business, shopping, cultural relations;

The long-term work of our specialists in institutions of the English-speaking countries;

Functioning of joint Russian-foreign enterprises on the territory of Russia;

The desire to hide the real meaning of the word under incomprehensible syllable (second hand, stock);

Theaspiration to show that you are “cool” using unfamiliar words (f. e. outsider, devise).

Teenagers are often influenced by their favourite films and sitcoms, popular music and TV programmes. As for my class, American soap-operas are really popular among my classmates (especially girls). I know that my friends watch such soap-operas as “Pretty Little Liars”, “The Vampire Diaries”, “Gossip Girl”, “Glee”, “90210”, “Make it or break it”. It often happens that after some popular films lots of new expressions appear in teenagers’ vocabulary.

Now a lot of modern pop stars sing in English, many films are shot in this language. So, teenagers adopt the whole phrase, like «poker face», «forever alone», «epic fail». «I'll be back» by А.Schwarzenegger or from «Titanic » «I’m the king of the world! », «Never-ever let me go» by Dima Bilan are famous phrases used by teenagers as slangs. A powerful impetus for the development of the process of borrowing of English words is its use in speech of celebrities during the popular programmes. So, speaking at the game of KVN of the first season of 1999, the head of ORT used the word драйв (drive). «Давно не было такого драйва» - in the meaning «запал, энергетика», «There has not been such a drive for long time» - in the meaning of « passion, energy». After that purely musical term has become widely used among students.

We can see and hear a lot of English words on TV and, of course, teenagers swoop up this trend. The biggest part of borrowings comes from the names of some channels, new kinds of programmes invented in the USA and the UK, new types of films, sports and music programmes. The titles of some channels contain English letters or words, for example: Euro sport, National Geographic channel, Mtv, Kino club, Kino hit, Animal planet, A-one, Kids Co TV.

A big part of entertaining programmes were invented in the USA. That’s why the names of some types of programmes are English. We can name capital show, talk show, reality show, paranormal show and they have come into Russian speech from TV. Modern types of some films have also come from the US because the motion picture arts were born there. It is a thriller, a detective, a western, a soap-opera, a love story, a sitcom, a fantasy, an action film.

On channels Sport and Russia 2 we can see an inscription “Кубок мира по биатлону. Live” and often hear a lot of words connected with sports. From TNT we know such programmes as Comedy club, Comedy woman, Cosmopolitan video version, Interns, Nasha Russia.

There is uncountable quantity of English words that young people hear on TV. I want to repeat a few of them which I often hear: TV, show, teenager, model, musical, show business, celebrity, style, fashion, trend, top, super, weekend, test-drive, up-grade, jazz, hip-hop, rap, pop, rock’n’roll, cover, PR-manager, battle, freestyle, casting, comment, Hollywood, designer, track, boyfriend, price-list, exclusive.

Every year there are more English words on TV. Young people watch TV every day and they do not notice how they add English words and phrases to their speech. Can you imagine how we will speak in the future?

Nowadays the English language is an international language. This is due to some historical events: the expansion of trade and economic relations, the United States’ dominance in the world economy, development of tourism, the emergence of the Internet. Thus, the interest in English has greatly increased among Russian people. Many people go abroad to spend their holidays. Those people, who can speak English, feel at ease in other countries. I think that in the future some English borrowings will be our native words.

For example, you can hear such phrases as: Этобылошоу! (It was a show!); смотретьвидики (watch videos); замечательныйклип (a wonderful clip); купитьбестселлер (buy a bestseller); этобылхит (it was a hit); работаювофисе (I work in the office); покупатьпиццу (buy pizza).

Chapter1.2. Types of English borrowings

1.Direct borrowings. The word appears in the Russian language roughly in the same form and at the same meaning as in the language of the original. Such words asуик-энд (weekend); блэк (Negro); мани (money), баскетбол (basketball) are examples of direct borrowings.

2.Hybrids. These words are formed by joining of Russian prefixes and suffixes to English roots. In this case, the meaning of the English word often changes slightly, for example: аскать (to ask),коннектиться (connect),спикать (to speak), бузить (busy – беспокойный,суетливый),гуглить (Google). For example, do you think that the word лайкать is connected to a dog? No, it is not. This is an adaptation of the English word “like”. It means to explain your positive attitude towards photos and other things in social nets. Do we say банить when we want to wash somebody? No way. It means to forbid something. It comes from English “to ban”. Or let’s have one more example: кликать. It has no connection to calling somebody. It means to use a computer mouse.

3.Loan translation. These are the words of foreign origin when their phonetic and graphical appearance is preserved. It occurs when the native language uses an item-for-item native version of the original. In the Russian language the word sounds the same as in English, for example: меню (menu), диск (disc), клуб (club). Here are several words that have no synonyms in the Russian language:problem, factor, concert, office, uniform, credit, sprinter, center, service, reform, farmer, protest, transport, system, object, phone, garage, plastic, business, information, interview, leader, medal, champion, dialogue, company, statistics, maximum, conference, material, conflict, complex, organization, etc. [3]

4.Semi-loan translation. These are the words when the rules of Russian grammar (suffixes) are preserved. For example: драйв – драйва (drive), гейма (game), джинсы (jeans).

5.Exotic words. These words reflect specific national customs of other nations and are used to describe not Russian words. The distinctive feature of these words is the fact that they do not have Russian synonyms. For example: чипсы (chips), хот – дог (hot– dog), чизбургер (cheeseburger).

6.Foreign insertions. These words usually have lexical equivalents which are stylistically different from them and are fixed in a particular sphere of communication as a means of expression which makes speech more expressive, for example: о’кей (OK), вау (Wow!), хэппи-энд (happy end).

7.Composite words. These words consist of two English words, for example: сэконд - хенд (second-hand),видео-салон (video-salon),боди - арт (body-art).

8.Slangs.Theyappeared as a result of misrepresentation of some sounds, for example:крезанутый (crazy), кульный (cool), блинковать (blink-мигать),линковать (link – соединять).

Chapter2. The analysis of the results of the research

I have asked some 30 pupils of the 7th form of our school some questions on the topic English borrowings. All the pupils study English,have many friends, consciously use the Internet, listen to music of different modern groups, watch movies, play computer games and sometimes watch world news. Here are the answers to the questions that I asked the pupils.

Do you use the words of English in your communication?

I think it is rather impossible not to use words of English origin in daily communication, especially by teenagers. The main reasons are that we, teenagers, study English from the second form and know many English words and that all people use English borrowings because we hear them a lot of times and subconsciously repeat them. 88% pupils use the words of English. Only 2 of 30 do not use words of English . Personally I consider that English borrowings should be used in our language as it means that our language develops and stays alive because those languages that do not change somehow will finally disappear. But on the other hand, nowadays teenagers use too many English borrowings in their speech and they spoil our language, transform it, often replace Russian words with unnecessary foreign ones. In this way they speak neither English, nor Russian (Appendix 3).

How often do you use them?

All the pupils use often borrowed words. 20% of teenagers sometimes use them. (Appendix 4).

Do you like the fact that so many English borrowings are used nowadays in the Russian language?

22 pupils of 30 like the fact that so many English words are used in the Russian language. Of course, it is great that our language develops, becomes more modern. 8 teenagers do not like that so many English borrowings are used in our life.And I think it is easy to understand the reasons why they do not like this trend. It is considered that English words can replace the equal Russian words and completely change the Russian language (Appendix 5).

As for me, I think that some words that have no equal words in Russian language might be used.

English words influence teenagers and their speech is full of English words. Due to stereotypes, ideals of young people, their passion to English words has become a sort of fashion. It is a stereotype of the idealized image of the American society where living standards are much higher and the high rate of technical progress leads the whole world. And adding English borrowings in their speech, young people approach this stereotype, come closer to the American culture, lifestyle. People of the elder generation are less tolerant to this strange vocabulary than young people.

Young people are more educated and it is easier for them to master new borrowings. The number of people, especially young, who knows the English language increases. Borrowings used by young people certify them in certain circles higher, stress their level of awareness, their superiority over the others.

The main thing in the youth slangs is non-ordinarity, a game, irony and a mask. Youth language tends to withdraw from the boring world of adults, parents and teachers. But they also think that English words are short and simple.

Youth slang is sharp, loud, and brash. It is a peculiar sign of «I am like you». Teenagers do not want « to be like everyone» and at the same time, they want «to be with everyone». And it is slang that helps teenagers with common interests, common territory and common way of life to be what they want.

As we see, most teenagers consciously use English borrowings in their speech. They think that the borrowings can explain their importance. But they use this phenomenon calmly, with humour. Thus, they think they are special; their language in their particular group is not understandable to others.

Conclusion

Our society is developing all the time and so the Russian language changes too. Every year new English words appear in it. Borrowing foreign words is one of the ways of developing the language. Language always promptly changes in response to the needs of society. Borrowings are the result of ties, relations between the peoples and countries.

Having analyzed a lot of materials about English borrowings in the modern Russian language I came to the following conclusion that English borrowings can be found in various spheres of life, such as economic, political, cultural, sports and social spheres. The usage of English words in the modern Russian language in most cases is justified (this group includes economic, political, sports and computer terms, the names of some household appliances).

While studying English borrowings in the Russian language I found out the following reasons of borrowing English words in the modern Russian language. They are the necessity to name new things, new phenomenon, to differentiate substantially similar, but distinct concepts, to clarify the concepts, the perception of foreign words as more prestigious, «scientific», laconic, «musically sounding». But the main reason of the borrowing of the foreign vocabulary is that there is no right word to describe something in a particular language.

According to the results of this research I can conclude that teenagers always use English borrowings in their speech, often replacing Russian words or phrases with more laconic English ones. Most teenagers have positive attitude towards the use of English words in Russian. Some teenagers consciously use English borrowings in their speech. They think that the borrowings can explain their importance. Some use this phenomenon calmly, with humour. Thus, they think they are special; their language in their particular group is not understandable to others. Teenagers enjoy using slang calling it “usable in all sorts of situations”, though they often do not understand their meaning. In most cases it can be explained by the fact that they do not know English very well or they are not interested in some spheres of life or maybe they do not read a lot. Despite the positive attitude of teenagers towards the use of English borrowings, most teenagers realize that English words are not always used justified and see the reasons of such unnecessary use clearly.

However, I believe it is important to study new borrowings and to adopt them according to grammatical rules of the Russian language or we should preserve our language using Russian equivalents for the words and developing Russian trade, politics, science and culture. It is great that we have an open society and can visit different countries, communicate with different people and read many books. But I would like Russian people to value our mother tongue and avoid unnecessary borrowings.

Thanks to this research I came to the conclusion that the process of borrowing words from English into Russian is increasing at the present time, as the English language is the basis of many professional languages. It is widely used among young people. On the one hand, this process is inevitable, but on the other, there must be a cultural basis of the language. So, I guess that English borrowings should be used only if we cannot do without them in the Russian language; English borrowings should be used correctly and accurately to the meaning which they have in the English language; English borrowings should be clear to those who use them.

The list of literature

Причины интенсивного заимствования англицизмов в современном русском языке/ А.И.Дьяков. - Новосибирск: Язык и культура. - 2003. – С. 15.

Современный словарь иностранных слов.- «Русский язык», 1992

Этимологический словарь русского языка для школьников/С.И. Карантиров. – М.: ООО Дом Славянской Книги. - 2004. – 437 с.

Никитина, Т. Г. Толковый словарь молодёжного сленга. М.: Астрель, 2003

Новый словарь иностранных слов: 25 000 слов и словосочетаний/ Е.Н. Захаренко, Л.Н. Комарова, И.В. Нечаева. – М.: Азбуковник. - 2003. – 380 с.

http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/

http://www.erudition.ru/referat/ref/id.46076_1.html

Appendixes

Appendix 1

Dictionary of English words on spheres of their usage

Appendix 2

Questions

1.Do you use the words of English in your communication?

2.How often do you use them?

3.Do you like the fact that so many English borrowings are used nowadays in the Russian language?

Appendix 3

Appendix 4

Appendix 5

Адрес публикации: https://www.prodlenka.org/metodicheskie-razrabotki/356113-issledovatelskaja-rabota-po-anglijskomu-jazyk