Тайны словообразования: префиксы

Пре-фикс

Прибавля-ется к

Значение

Примеры

существительное

глагол

re-

глаголу/

существи-тельному

повторное

действие

re-election,re-entry,rearrangement,

recreation,

reorganization

reread,rebuilt,redecorate,rename,rearrange,reapply,reopen,refill, reconsider,rediscover,recycle,reuse,

restart,regain,relive,reset

dis-

глаголу/

существи-тельному

противо-положное

значение

disbelief,disadvantage,disorder,disagreement,

disarmament,disability,

disinformation,dissatis-faction,disloyalty,disapproval,discomfort

disagree,disappear,distrust,disapprove,disobey,disarm,disconnect,discontinue,disbelieve, disrespect,dislike,disorientate,disqualify,displease,discover, discourage

mis-

глаголу/

существи-тельному

плохой или непра-вильный

misadventure,misfortune, misconduct,misbehaviour,

misinterpretation,

misunderstanding

misbehave,misunderstand,miscalculate,misinterpret, misdirect,misuse,mislead, misspell,mispronounce, misinform,mistrust,misjudge

un-

глаголу/

существи-тельному

противо-положное

значение

unreality,

untruth (formal)

unfold,uninstall,unload,unlock,unmask,unpack,unplug,unroll,untie,unveil,unwind,unwrap,uncover

in-

существи-тельному

отсутствие

inability,inaccuracy, inattention,injustice,inconvenience,inaction, indigestion,indiscipline,inefficiency,inequality,intolerance,instability

-

im

существи-тельному

противо-положное

значение

imbalance,immorality,immortality,impurity,impossibility

immobilize

trust –

ability –

build –

approve –

understand -

appear –

open –

use –

lock –

agreement -

behave –

advantage –

balance –

equality–

believe -

convenience–

decorate –

fortune –

cover –

gain -

calculate –

comfort –

cycle –

lead –

possibility -

loyalty –

inform –

direct –

obey –

judge -

start–

arm –

accuracy –

adventure –

agree -

live –

like –

name –

reality –

purity -

marry –

conduct –

belief –

pay –

tie -

print –

pronounce –

close –

make –

charge -

stability –

spell –

respect –

pack –

place -

tolerance –

move –

interpret –

read –

satisfaction -

set–

information –

qualification –

justice –

courage -

continue –

decorate –

order –

mobilize –

approval -

action –

direct –

attention –

veil –

create -

Пре-фикс

Правила

Примеры

Исключения

il-

прибавляется к некоторым прилагательным, начинающимся с буквы“l”

illegal,illegible,illiterate,illiberal,illogical,illegitimate

unlawful,unleaded,unlicensed,unlike,unlikely,unlimited,unlisted,unlovely,unlovable,unlucky,

disloyal

ir-

прибавляется к

некоторымприлагательным, начинающимся с буквы “r”

irregular,irresponsible,irresistible,irrational,irreligious,irrelevant,

irreplaceable

unreal,unreasonable,unripe, unrecognizable,unreliable,unrepeatable,unremarkable,unreserved,unresponsive,unrealistic,unrepresentative

im-

im-

прибавляется к

некоторым

прилагательным, начинающимся с буквы “m”

immoral,immobile,

immortal,immature,

immaterial,immodest,immemorial,immeasurable

unmade,unmanageable,unmanned,unmarked,unmarried,unmemorable,unmistakable,unmitigated

прибавляется к

некоторым прилагательным, начинающимся с буквы“p”

impossible,impolite,impure,impractical,imperfect,impatient,improper,impersonal,imprecise,

improbable,imprudent,impermanent,impassive

unpatriotic,unplanned,unpopular, unpleasant,unproven,unpunished,unpredictable,unprepared,unproductive,unprofitable,unprotected,unpaid,unpublished,

unpronounceable,unprofessional

dis-

прибавляется к

некоторым прилагательным

disabled,dissimilar,dishonest,disunited,disorganized,

dissatisfied,disloyal,displeased,disgraceful,discontinuous

unorganized

un-

прибавляется к

прилагательным, начинающимся с буквы “b”

unbalanced,unbroken,unbearable,unbelievable,unbreakable

-

прибавляется к

прилагательным, начинающимся с буквы “g ”

ungenerous,ungrateful,ungovernable,unglued,ungracious,unguarded,ungrammatical

inglorious,

прибавляется к

прилагательным, начинающимся с буквы “i ”

unidentified,unimaginable, unimaginative,unimpaired,unimportant,unimpressive,unindustrialized,uninviting, uninformative,uninhabited,unintelligent,unintelligible, unintentional,uninteresting

inimitable,

прибавляется к

прилагательным, начинающимся с буквы “w ”

unwaged,unwanted,unwary,unwelcome,unwell,unwilling,unwise,unwitting,unworthy,unwritten

прибавляется к

прилагательным, начинающимся с “k”, “q”, “u”, “y”

unkind,unknown,unqualified,unquiet, unquestionable,

unusable,unused,unusual,unutterable, unyielding

-

прибавляется к ParticipleII в функции прилагательного

undone,undivided,untitled,

unelected,untold,unopened,uneducated,unexplored, unoccupied,untouched

indisposed,inexperienced,

immobilized

Префиксыin-/un- прибавляются к прилагательным, начинающимся с букв

Префикс in-

Префикс un-

a

inaccurate,inaccessible,inactive,inadmissible,inalienable,inadequate,

inapplicable,inattentive,inappropriate,inaudible

unable,unacceptable,unaware,

unaccompanied,unaccustomed,

unadventurous,unaffected,unafraid,unanswered,unappealing,unarmed,unashamed,unauthorized,unavoidable

c

incapable,inconvenient,incoherent,incomplete,

incomparable,incurious,incompatible,incredible,inconsistent,inconstant,incompetent,incautious,incomprehensible,incorrect,inconsiderate,incurable

uncertain,unchangeable,unconvinced,

unchanged,unchecked,uncivilized,unclassified,uncommon,uncompetitive,uncommunicative,unclear,uncritical,

uncomplicated,unclean, unconcealed,unconfirmed,unconnected,unconscious,unconstitutional,uncooked,uncontrolled,uncut

d

indecent,indecisive,

independent,indirect,indefensible,indefinite,indelicate,indifferent,indistinct,indivisible

undamaged,undecided,undefeated,undeclared,undefended,undemocratic,undeniable,undesirable,undetected,undeterred,undeveloped,undiplomatic,undisciplined,undisguised,undisputed, undisturbed,undrinkable,undressed

e

inedible,ineffective,inefficient,inexact,inexcusable,inexpensive,inexpert,inexperienced,inexpressible

unearned,uneasy,uneatable,uneven,uneconomic,uneconomical,unethical,unemotional,unemployed,unemployable,unendurable,unenthusiastic,unequal, unexpected,unexplained,unexciting

f

infamous,infertile,infinite,infirm,inflexible,informal

unfair,unfit,unfaithful,unfamiliar,unfashionable,unfavourable,unfeasible, unforeseeable,unforgettable,unforgivable,unfortunate,unfriendly,unfunny,

h

inhospitable,inhuman,inhumane

unhappy,unharmed,unhealthy,unheard,unhelpful,unhesitating,unholy,unhurt,unhurried,unhygienic,unhampered

j

injudicious

unjust,unjustifiable,unjustified

n

innumerate,innumerable

unnamed,unnatural,unnecessary,unnoticed,unnumbered

o

inoffensive,inoperative,inoperable,inorganic

unobtainable,unobtrusive,unofficial,unopposed,unorganized,unorthodox

s

insane,insecure,insensitive,insensible,inseparable,insignificant,insoluble,insubstantial,insufficient

unsafe,unsanitary,unsatisfactory,unsure,unstable,unsocial,unsound,unscheduled,unscientific,unscrupulous,unseasonable,unselfish,unsettled,unsociable,unsolved,unsophisticated, unspectacular,unsteady,unstoppable, unsuccessful,unsurprising,unsustainable,unsympathetic,unsuitable

t

intolerant,intolerable,intoxicated,intransitive

untainted,unthinkable,untidy,untreated,untroubled,untrue,untruthful,untypical,untrustworthy,untiring,untimely

v

invalid,invaluable,invariable,invisible,involuntary,invulnerable

unvarnished,unvarying,unvoiced

popular –

responsible –

social –

limited –

perfect -

appropriate –

known –

legal –

different –

regular -

polite –

important –

ripe –

famous –

usual -

possible –

dependent –

honest –

relevant –

likely -

visible –

patient –

logical –

safe –

finite -

mature –

replaceable –

real –

pleasant –

experienced -

desirable –

probable –

accurate –

drinkable –

mobile -

active –

personal –

correct –

healthy –

lawful -

predictable –

similar –

permanent –

definite –

liberal-

practical –

legitimate –

proper –

friendly –

loyal -

believable –

direct –

resistible –

written –

capable -

sincere –

interested –

pure –

able –

convenient -

aware –

measurable–

curable –

fair –

organized -

changeable –

rational –

memorable –

hospitable –

kind -

realistic –

literate –

balanced –

moral –

accessible -

For those who do not wish to continue education after school, one of the most difficult issues facing today’s adolescents is(1)_______. In the current economic climate, jobs are few and it’s (2)______ to find employment for those who have limited experience and qualifications. (3)_____ to get a job can often result in increased crime, drug addiction and antisocial (4)______. Although many teenagers are (5)_______ with this situation, they are often (6)_______ of changing anything. The British Government is currently encouraging young people to learn (7)________trades such as plumbing or cooking while also urging employers to offer apprenticeships to young adults, which was earlier (8)______. This gives young people a goal in life and can be (9)______ in building self-esteem and ambition.

EMPLOYMENT

LIKELY

ABILITY

BEHAVIOUR

PLEASED

CAPABLE

POPULAR

POSSIBLE

EFFECTIVE

You may be surprised to learn that you could be bringing (1)________ stress into your life by your own eating habits. In other words, not only does prolonged stress lead to (2)_________ lifestyle patterns, but your nutrition habits also affect your ability to cope with(3)_________ stress. Poor food choices can (4)______ more stress in the long run as well as lead to different(5)___________ diseases. Why do teenagers choose junk food? The first reason for making (6)__________choices is convenience. Junk food often comes in ready-to-eat forms whereas healthy equivalents require substantial preparation, which is (7)____________. Another reason for bad eating habits is (8)___________ food advertising. Most TV commercials are deceptive and(9)_________ and cause children to pressure their parents to buy junk food. No wonder that the problem of healthy eating causes a lot of(10)_________ between parents and teenagers.

NECESSARY

HEALTHY

AVOIDABLE

CREATE

CURABLE

PROPER

CONVENIENT

CORRECT

LEADING

AGREEMENT

Corporal punishment used to be an official form of punishing students for their (1)________. Supporters of school corporal punishment argue that it provided an immediate response to (2)________.Children knew that if they (3)________, they wouldget the cane. In fact, it was a legalized beating of a child that is why many countries abolished this form of punishment as totally(4)________. Although there is no explicit prohibition of corporal punishment in schools,it is considered(5)______. However, a survey of more than 6000 teachers found that one in five teachers would like to see the cane (6)________ in UK schools. These results reflect teachers' frustration about the lack of options they have to discipline children. Manyteachers have absolutely no ways to oppose (8)________ and violent behaviour. Although many of them agree that corporal punishment is(9)________ in modern society, they are (10)________ about the present-day atmosphere in schools and their (11)________ to protect their own rights.

CONDUCT

DISCIPLINE

BEHAVED

APPROPRIATE

LAWFUL

INTRODUCED

MORAL

ACCEPTABLE

HAPPY

ABILITY

Inattentional blindness is an (1)_______ state when a person fails to notice (2)_______ but fully visible object. Some scientists see such blindness as a result of vision (3)_______. However, this typically happens because people today are overloaded with inputs. It’s not (4)______ to pay attention to every single input therefore humans are(5)_________to focus their attention on everything they see. Many people falsely believe that they don’t experience this type of blindness as they are (6)_______that they are missing things. The best proof of this phenomenon is the “(7)________ Gorilla” test, when people are (8)________ of seeing “a gorilla” because they are engaged in a difficult task of counting the number of passes of the ball. The same situation takes place when a driver, especially (9)________ one, is using his mobile phone while driving. This is significantly distracting and can lead to (10)________ accidents.

USUAL

EXPECTED

ORDER

POSSIBLE

ABLE

AWARE

VISIBLE

CAPABLE

EXPERIENCED

PREDICTABLE

Ball lightning is the most curious of (1)_______ phenomena. Witnessed by many people, it was (2)_________for many years. Then, after repeated sightings by scientists, it gradually won acceptance as a real effect. It appears as a glowing sphere, floats around slowly, and after a few seconds it(3)________. The problem is that although we know what it looks like, there is still scientific (4)________ over what ball lightning actually is. Contradicting descriptions of ball lightning make it (5)________ to create a (6)________ hypothesis that will take into account the described behaviour. Today several competing and radically (7)_______ theories are battling for acceptance. The contest might be resolved if someone could (8)________ ball lightning in the laboratory. (9)________, this has never been done, or at least not officially. The interest in ball lightning dates back several decades in the US and Russia.However, the results of their research have largely remained (10)________.

EXPLAINED

REGARDED

APPEARS

AGREEMENT

POSSIBLE

RELIABLE

COMPATIBLE

CREATE

FORTUNATELY

SUCCESSFUL