Architecture of the personal computer

Sadvakassovas Saniya 301-group

Architecture of the personal computer

The computer architecture is a logical organization and structure of the hardware and software resources of the computer system. Architecture encompasses the requirements for functionality and the principles of organization of the main computer nodes.

At present, two types of architecture have received the greatest distribution in computers: Princeton and Harvard. Both of them allocate 2 main computer nodes: the central processor and computer memory. The difference lies in the memory structure: in the Princeton architecture, programs and data are stored in one memory array and transferred to the processor via one channel, whereas the Harvard architecture provides separate storage and transmission streams for commands and data.

A more detailed description defining the specific architecture also includes: the computer's structure, the means and ways to access the elements of this structural diagram, the organization and length of the computer interfaces, the set and accessibility of registers, the organization of memory and ways of addressing it, the set and format of the processor's computer instructions , presentation methods and data formats, interrupt handling rules.

The following features and their combinations among the architectures are distinguished:

By the number of interfaces and machine words: 8-, 16-, 32-, 64-, 86-bit (a number of computers have other digits);

By features of the set of registers, command format and data: CISC, RISC, VLIW;

By the number of central processors: single-processor, multiprocessor, superscalar.

EXTERNAL PC ARCHITECTURE

The external architecture of a modern personal computer is the connection of a monitor, keyboard, mouse and speaker system to the system unit.

The system unit is a functional element that protects the internal components of the PC from external influences and mechanical damages that maintains the necessary temperature regime inside the system unit shielding the electromagnetic radiation generated by the internal components and is the basis for further expansion of the system. System units are most often made of steel, aluminum and plastic parts, and materials such as wood or organic glass are also sometimes used.

In the system unit are located:

The motherboard with the processor installed on it, RAM, expansion cards (video adapter, sound card).

Bays for hard drives, hard drives, CD-ROM drives, etc. The

monitor, display is a universal device for visual display of all kinds of information. There are alphanumeric and graphic monitors, as well as monochrome monitors and monitors of color image - active-matrix and passive-matrix LCM.

By design:

CRT - based on cathode ray tube (CRT)

LCD liquid crystal displays (LCD)

Plasma - based on a plasma panel

A projection-video projector and a screen placed separately or combined in one housing (alternatively through a mirror or mirror system)

OLED monitor - on OLED technology (organic light-emitting diode).

The computer keyboard is one of the main input devices from the user to the computer. A standard computer keyboard, also called a PC / AT keyboard or an AT keyboard (since it began to ship with IBM PC / AT series computers), has 101 or 102 keys. The keyboards that came with the previous series - IBM PC and IBM PC / XT - had 86 keys. The location of the keys on the AT keyboard is subject to a single generally accepted scheme, designed for the English alphabet.

According to their purpose, the keys on the keyboard are divided into six groups:

functional;

alphanumeric;

cursor control;

digital panel;

specialized;

modifiers.

Twelve function keys are located in the uppermost row of the keyboard. Below is a block of alphanumeric keys. To the right of this block are the cursor keys, and from the very right side of the keyboard is the digital panel.

The "mouse" mouse is one of the pointing input devices providing the user interface with the computer.

Printer (English printer - printer) - a device for printing digital information on a solid medium, usually on paper. Refers to the terminal devices of the computer.

The printing process is called output for printing, and the resulting document is a printout or hard copy.

Printers are inkjet, laser, matrix and sublimation, and for color printing - black and white (monochrome) and color. Sometimes from laser printers stand out in a separate kind of LED printers.

Monochrome printers have several gradations, usually 2-5, for example: black - white, monochrome (or red, or blue, or green) - white, multicolored (black, red, blue, green) - white.

Monochrome printers have their own niche and are unlikely (in the foreseeable future) to be completely replaced by colored ones.

Scanner (English scanner) - a device that, when analyzing an object (usually an image, text), creates a digital copy of the image of the object. The process of obtaining this copy is called scanning. In most scanners, the photosensitive elements based on charge-coupled devices are used to convert images to digital form.

According to the method of moving the read head and the image relative to each other, the scanners are divided into manual (English Handheld), roll (English Sheet-Feed), Flatbed and projection.

Acoustic system - a device for sound reproduction.

The acoustic system is single-band (one broadband radiator, for example, a dynamic head) and a multiband (two or more heads, each of which creates sound pressure in its frequency band). The acoustic system consists of acoustic design (for example, "closed box" or "system with bass reflex", etc.) and installed in it emitting heads (usually dynamic).

Single-band systems are not widely used due to the difficulties of creating a radiator that reproduces signals of different frequencies equally well. High intermodulation distortions with a significant progress of one radiator are caused by the Doppler effect.

In multiband acoustic systems, the spectrum of human sound frequencies heard by a human being is divided into several overlapping ones bands by means of filters (combinations of resistors, capacitors and inductors, or using a digital crossover). Each range is fed to its dynamic head, which has the best performance in this range.

Адрес публикации: https://www.prodlenka.org/metodicheskie-razrabotki/325356-architecture-of-the-personal-computer