Образцы упражнений, направленных на обучение иноязычной письменной речи

Образцы упражнений, направленных на обучение иноязычной письменной речи.

Вариотипизация.

Одной из главных задач при обучении письменно речи является преодоление интерференции, порожденной родным языков, лежащим в основе процессов мышления учащихся. Этому способствуют различные упражнения на перифразы. Работа начинается с устных упражнений на русском языке, например: зима – самое холодное время года и т.п. Следующие упражнения заключаются в интралингвистическом переводе небольшого русского текста, т.е. передачи его содержания другими словами русского языка. Эти два упражнения являются подготовительными, они не только отрабатывают гибкость мышления, но и «подсказывают» иноязычные способы обозначения. Затем аналогичные упражнения, а также упражнения в подборе синонимов предлагаются на английском языке.

Например: Измените предложение, заменив существительное глаголом.

There was a lot of snow yesterday.

It snowed a lot yesterday.

Такие упражнения необходимы для развития способности самостоятельно и творчески варьировать языковую форму высказывания.

Восстановление целого письменного высказывания путем заполнения пропусков .

Например, в следующем письме сделаны пропуски и даны на выбор возможные варианты для их заполнения:

Accept, hesitate, acknowledge, response, forward, sincerely

Dear Miss Brown,

In… to your letter of February 20, I am pleased to confirm that we are ready to accept your order and do business with your company. We… receipt of your order No 5468/ It is being processed at the moment and will be delivered to you within a week.

We are looking… to pleasant business relations with your company. If you require any further information, please do not… to contact us.

Yours… ,

MaryWhite

При выполнении задания возможно заполнение пропусков по смыслу (clozeprocedure). Варианты ответов при этом не даются, и учащиеся пытаются догадаться о значениях пропущенных слов по контексту, а также по привычным словосочетаниям:

Dear Mr. Smith,

I am writing… my forthcoming visit to London. My trip begins on Monday 10 5 March and lasts till 10 April. … our telephone conversation, I would like to add that my two colleges, Mr. Petrov and Mr.Golovin will accompany me. I would be… if you could book two single rooms for them in the same hotel I will stay in.

If you require any further information please…

…,

Peter Lavrov

Подстановка.

Учащимся предлагаются либо отдельные предложения, либо логически связный текст, где средства логической связи выделены. От учащихся требуется заменить данные слова и выражения их синонимами.

Например:

Although, however, to start with, firstly, in the first place, because of, for this reason.

Killing endangered animals is illegal. Yet, people will not stop hunting them.

First of all, the government must revise the out-of-date environmental laws, which were written 20 years ago.

Due to the harsh winter, many crops were destroyed.

Составление письменного высказывания по аналогии.

Написать ответное письмо по аналогии с прочитанным.

Dear Pen Pal,

It is summer and I am on holiday. I like holidays very much. I usually have a lot of fun. I don’t go to school. I play with friends and my dog. I ride my bike and read my favourite books. I go to the seaside and swim in the sea.

Holidays are great fun. What do you do in the holidays?

Write to me soon.

Yours, Max

Вышеописанные приемы применимы на всех этапах обучения и полезны, прежде всего, для усвоения речевых клише, формул, типичных для той или иной формы письменной коммуникации.

Исполнение письменного замысла зависит от того, как учащиеся владеют варьированием стиля и объема письменного произведения речи. Формированию этого умения способствует сравнение и анализ разных текстов.

Например: Прочитайте 2 образца сочинений по одной тематике. Определите, какое из них лучше. Аргументируйтесвойвыбор.

MODEL 1

Computers are a major technological breakthrough of the twentieth

century. Their benefits are numerous yet much can be said against them. Clive

James, an Australian critic, once said that "It is only when they go wrong that

machines remind you how powerful they are".

The main disadvantage of computers is that staring at a screen for long

periods of time can be damaging to the eyes, and sitting on a chair for hours at a

time is certainly not healthy. Secondly, computers distract from social

interactions such as conversation. Also, people can be inclined to become anti-

social and stay at home to use their computer. Finally, the most persuasive

argument against the use of computers is that the more jobs which are done by

computers, the less are done by people.

However, the advantages of computers are numerous, such as the

undeniable educational benefits, especially to children. School subjects become

more interesting when presented on a computer screen. Moreover, computers

can be fun with a seemingly endless variety of games which can be played on

them. In addition, computers are valuable to any business, making life easier and

saving time by being capable of storing and retrieving vast amounts of

information at the touch. Furthermore, personal gains can be seen as the use of

computers increases powers of concentration.

To sum up, there are strong arguments both for and against the use of

computers. Yet, despite the health problems, risk to jobs and lack of personal

interaction, it seems that as long as the use of computers is regulated, the

benefits computers provide to education and business are invaluable.

MODEL 2

There is no doubt that computers have made my and my friends' lives

easier. Business can also benefit from using computers but there are many

problems too.

It's easy for students to learn on computers because things seem more

exciting and interesting when you see them on a screen rather than in a book.

There are also lots of games you can play too and you can become so interested

in them that you don't want to do your homework. You can also become

unfriendly because you don't want to go out. You only want to stay in your room

and play with your computer. My mum says "It's not healthy to be sitting down

all day."

Most workplaces have computers nowadays and it does make jobs faster

and easier and they're supposed to help you with your concentration but many

computers can do the same job a person can and quicker which might mean that

he loses his job. This happens to many people.

Finally, I think computers are good because they help people a lot and

statistics say that this is true.

Трансформация текста.

Данный прием способствует умению развернуть высказывание в логической последовательности.

Так, например, ученикам предлагается текст, деформированный в плане его логического высказывания. Ученикам надо преобразовать этот текст, логически последовательно изложив его содержание.

Arrange the parts of the text properly and fill in the gaps with the suitable linking devices given below.

What are the arguments for and against compulsory school uniforms?

It is clear, ..., that there are arguments in favour of school uniforms and arguments against. …, most schools want them, but most students do not.

In many secondary schools in Britain the wearing of a school uniform is compulsory. Some schools argue that there are many advantages to this system, … students can often see some disadvantages too.

Most students don’t agree with school uniforms,…, for a number of reasons. …, when you have to wear the same clothes as everyone else you don’t have a chance to develop personal taste in the way you dress . …, people who look scruffy, usually look scruffy in their uniforms too and you can always tell the people who come from poor homes because their uniforms are not as new or don’t fit properly. … , the main reason why most students don’t like school uniforms is because most schools choose such horrible colours and styles, that don’t suit young people at all.

… of school uniforms is that they give a common identity to the school. Even when the students are on their way home, everyone knows which school they go to. This is important if the students misbehave, for example. …is that if all the students in a school wear the same type of clothes in matching colours and styles, then they tend to look smart when they are all together. …, students whose parents can’t afford nice clothes look the same as everyone else and so don’t feel inferior.

Therefore, but, finally, the main advantage, however, moreover, another advantages, firstly, on balance, lastly

Компрессия текста.

Среди многочисленных видов упражнений, направленных на формирование действий компрессии текста, которая лежит в основе резюме, аннотации и реферата, следует подчеркнуть роль упражнений на нахождение «информативного ядра». В этом случае в каждой части предъявляемого на слух или со зрительной опорой текста ученики должны выбрать предложение(или предложения) с наибольшей информативной нагрузкой. В случае надобности следует произвести необходимые преобразования, для того чтобы выразить основную мысль абзаца одним-двумя предложениями. Это упражнение способствует формированию не только действий по сужению текста, но и дифференциации (ученики должны различать главное и второстепенное в тексте), а также действиям преобразования и замены.

Например, учащимся можно предложить текст и егоsummary с пропусками.

Read the following essay and complete the given summary of each paragraph.

All public transport in our cities should be free.

In most cities public transport is partially subsidized by the city council which means that bus and underground fares are usually reasonably low. However, some people argue that fares should be abolished altogether. In this essay I intend to examine the arguments for and against free public transport.

One of the strongest arguments in favour of free public transport is that it would encourage more people to use the buses and tubes instead of going by car. Consequently, there would be far less traffic on the roads, which would make our cities safer, cleaner and generally pleasanter places to live in. Another advantage is that those who are not very well off would be able to afford to go out more and would have a little money to spend, which would improve the quality of their lives. Free public transport would also be a good thing for a city’s shops and businesses, as bus and underground users would have more money available to spend on both necessities and luxuries. Lastly, if passengers travelled free on public, there would be no need for ticket offices, bus conductors or ticket inspectors. This would make the buses and undergrounds much cheaper to run.

On the other hand, there are several arguments against abolish fares. To begin with, if there were no fares, the city council would have to find another way of financing public transport, probably by increasing the city’s rates. As a result, a lot of people who never travel by public transport would be helping to pay for a service which they do not use, which many would consider unfair and which would also make these people worse off. What is more, if the number of passengers increased dramatically because of the abolition of fares, it would probably be necessary to increase the number of buses and trains. This would make free public transport even more expensive to operate. Finally, the abolition of fares would lead to the loss of several thousand jobs among those public transport staff who sell or inspect tickets, which is clearly undesirable in these times of high unemployment.

On balance, I am in favour of the idea of free public transport in our cities provided that alternative employment could be found for those workers whose jobs would become redundant.

Paragraph 1. The writer introduces the subject of the essay by explaining that in most cities public transport fares are fairly cheap but that some people think that… . He/She then tells the reader that…

Paragraph 2. The writer gives the arguments…free public transport and explains what the advantages would be.

Paragraph 3. The writer gives… free public transport and explains what… would be.

Paragraph 4. The writer concludes the essay by giving his own…the idea of abolishing fares.

Развертывание текста.

Для формирования действий, обеспечивающих развертывание (расширение) письменного высказывания, можно рекомендовать такие упражнения, как составление рассказа, аналогичного прослушанного или прочитанному, по плану, в связи с данной ситуацией; придумывание начала или конца текста, сочинение в его различных вариантах, восстановление пропущенной части и другие.

Например: Read the first and the last paragraphs of the article. Write the missing paragraphs.

What can be done to help the homeless?

Homeless is a big problem nowadays especially in large cities. This is a result of unemployment, broken homes and a lack of affordable government housing. In my opinion, there are several solutions to this problem.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

To sum up, the homeless should not be ignored. The best solution to this problem is the establishing of programmes to aid those who are in danger of becoming homeless. As Albert Camus, the French writer, once said, “We are all special cases. The rest of society has a moral obligation to help those who are less fortunate.”

Комбинирование.

Ученики должны уметь отобрать из долговременной памяти языковые средства, свойственные письменной речи, произвести необходимые замены, комбинирование.

Для этого очень полезны упражнения на комбинаторику, группирование ряда предложенных слов, сочетаний и предложений по определенному признаку.

Например: Сопоставьте начальную фразу письма с его заключительной фразой.

Dear Gentleman A) Best wishes

Dear Miss Smith B) Yours sincerely

Dear MS. Black C) Yours faithfully

Dear Sirs

Dear Madam

Dear Mr. Green

Dear Ann

Программирование.

Задания, построенные на основе программирования многообразны. Можно предложить учащимся восстановить полный текст письма, в результате чего отрабатываются не только речевые клише, но и грамматические структуры, наиболее типичные для письменной речи. Можно предложить ряд коммуникативных актов, которые должен выполнить ученик в процессе написания письма или сочинения.

Например:

А) Восстановите данное письмо.

Dear Mr. Smith,

I hope/come/Cambridge/three months/prepare/First Certificate exam.

I like/follow/course/only/mornings/as/I/like/spend/afternoons/visit/city.

You organize/accommodation/me/family/so/get/conversation practice?

I study/English/five years/school/very good results.

I be/England/twice/summer courses/Brighton/I have/good reports/the school.

You think/I pass/First Certificate exam?

I look forward/hear/you/information/school/and/fees.

Yours sincerely,

Monica Redoni

B) You have decided to hold a party at your house on New Year's Eve. Write a letterto a friend who lives in another town, inviting him/her to your party and telling him/her what you have planned for the occasion.

Give the reason you are writing

Write about your plans and preparations for the party

Express your great expectations

Коррекцияошибок.

Упражнения по исправлению ошибок можно предлагать и как для отработки орфографических навыков, так и для усвоения речевых клише, формул, типичных для той или иной формы письменной коммуникации.

А) Прочитайте письмо и исправьте ошибки в выделенных словах.

Dear Sally,

I'mwritting to invite you to our cottage nearWynton for the first weekend on June, when Wynton has its annual fair. Itsalways great fun, and I'm sure you are enjoy it. The fair takes place inthe Saturday, with a flower show, a funfair and lots of others things, and there is usualy a big dance at the evening.

The next day Barry and I am going to have a barbecue if the weather will be fine. Most of our freindshave been invited, so you'll meet some interesting people.

Please let us know if you can make it. Look forward to seeing you.

Lotsoflove,

Beth

B) В письме содержится 5 ошибок. Найдите их и исправьте.

DearMissAnnSmith,

Thank you for the letter from the 23 September. We are glad to know that your sister has got married. Our best congratulations.

Further to our holiday, everything is all right. We are swimming and sunbathing a lot. Yesterday we went on an excursion to the mountains. The trip was interesting and we saw a lot of beautiful places.

We are going to return on 14 October. I hope the flight will not be tiring.

Do not hesitate to contact us.

Yours faithfully,

Helen

Опорные конспекты.

Для того, чтобы учащиеся более успешно справлялись с заданиями по написанию писем, сочинений, аннотаций, резюме и другим, очень полезно предлагать учащимся разнообразные клише.

Например, для написания личных писем применяется следующее.

Структура письма

Опорный конспект может представлять из себя подстановочную таблицу или ключевые фразы.

Например: Напишите письмо другу, в котором подробно укажите, чем сейчас занимаются члены вашей семьи в преддверии новогодних праздников.

Создание кейсов.

Очень часто при написании писем и особенно сочинений учащиеся просто не знают, о чем писать, т.е. они затрудняются выявить из долговременной памяти необходимые языковые средства для выражения своего замысла. Для того, чтобы сделать этот процесс более легким, предлагаю учащимся составлять, так называемые, кейсы.

В процессе изучения какой-либо темы проходит обсуждение многих аспектов, учащиеся употребляют большое количество лексических единиц. В результате, прошу учащихся в конце изучения темы составить кейс, т.е. подобрать слова и словосочетания, которые ассоциируются у них с этой темой.

Например:

Mobile phones

use for communication 1) become addicted

Convenient 2) affect the marks

fit into our pockets 3) become victims of mobile phone theft

Can take everywhere 4) be a distraction in classes

Stay in touch 5) beep and ring

To send small messages 6)cheat on tests

Log on to the Net

Play games

Take photos

Ask for help

In case of emergency

Get in touch with

Use as calculators

На уроке ученики озвучивают свои варианты кейсов и остальные учащиеся имеют возможность пополнить свои кейсы недостающими ЛЕ. Создание таких кейсов учащиеся начинают с 7-ого класса. Как известно, обучение языку носит цикличный характер, т.е. изучение одной и той же темы происходит в последующие годы на более сложном материале. Это позволяет учащимся вспомнить ЛЕ, которые уже употреблялись в данной теме, дополнить свои кейсы и плодотворно использовать их при написании сочинений и писем.

Адрес публикации: https://www.prodlenka.org/metodicheskie-razrabotki/395171-obrazcy-uprazhnenij-napravlennyh-na-obuchenie