Pecularities of translation of english proper nouns and toponyms into russian

PECULARITIES OF TRANSLATION OF ENGLISH PROPER NOUNS AND TOPONYMS INTO RUSSIAN

Toponym - a name given to a river, a lake, a sea, a city, a village, a mountain, an island, a street, a square, ect. The term is derived from the Greek «topos» - place and «onyma» - name. Hence, toponymy is the scientific study of place-names.

Based on the size of the object, there are two main categories of toponymy:

1. Marcotoponymy –deals with the names of major natural or man-made geographical objects, as well as political and administrative entities;

2. Microtoponymy-deals with the names of small geographical objects and relief features (forests, fields, etc.)

Historically established system of toponyms are usually heterogeneous and comprise words from several languages, which came into a language in different time periods. Thus, to the north and north-east of Moscow, toponyms have predominantly Finno-Ugric origin, whereas to the west- they have Baltic origin.

Geographical names are long-lasting memorials of vanished languages and peoples; they describe the topographical features of an area in the past, give information about the area is natural resources, traditional arts and craft practiced by the people, who inhabited the area.

Proper names play an important role in a literary work. They point to the setting, social status and nationality of characters. The names containing in their stems components of common nouns and of other parts of speech can, along with their nominal function, carry out the function of characterizing a person or a place.

The indication of a charactonym is not only complete or partial resemblance with a word but the presence of the traits in the person or place. The presence of a common stem is suggested by means of motivators. Motivator (the term is borrowed from the thesis by A.A. Zhivogliadov is a part of text, expressing by means of synonyms homonyms, confusables, a semantic similarity with the meanings of morpheme or morphemes of the proper name and attaching the name its characterizing function. The main purpose of the motivator is to affirm the presence of the characteristics in the stem of the proper name.

Motivators may be divided in two groups , explicit and implicit. Explicit motivators are usually situated in a narrow context and are expressed either with a word or a word combination. The implicit motivator is not presented in a narrow context and characterizes a person on the basis of all information about its bearer.

We can mention that the translation of names derived from common nouns and other parts of speech but suggesting no characteristics is considered irrelevant, although it lends some additional vividness to the target text.

Translator is best decision, certainly will be seeking for the identical phrase logical unit. However, we should admit that the amount of such coincidence both in the English land the Russian languages are extremely limited. In the case of absence of immediate coincidence used in the second language, we can translate with the help of analogical phrase logical units, though it will be built on another speech basis. We ought to take into account also the fact that emotional or stylistic coloring not always coincide, in this case inversion is impossible. Sometimes we can allow loan translation or word-by-word translation though this method is not always effective.

Translation of phrase logical units from the English language into other languages cause certain difficulties due to their semantic integrity. Literally or word-for-word translation will twist even distort the meaning of the utterance, that is why an adequate transposition of the meaning of phraseological unit to the second language is necessary.

Адрес публикации: https://www.prodlenka.org/metodicheskie-razrabotki/592760-pecularities-of-translation-of-english-proper