Контрольная работа на тему «Weather. Climate. Safety» для обучающихся 3 курса

Контрольная работа

3 курс 5 семестр (25.02.03)

VARIANT 1

WEATHER

Weather is composed of a number of elements such as the temperature and humidity of the air, atmospheric pressure, the speed and direction of the wind, air visibility and of special phenomena such as fog, storms and others.

Pilots need the information about weather conditions along the route of flight and at the destination aerodrome. The object of the meteorological service is to contribute to safety, efficiency and regularity of air traffic.

There exist some sources of aviation weather information: surface observation, radar observation, automatic meteorological observation, pilot reports and others.

At every airport there is a meteorological station which is equipped with special instruments recording all changes in the atmosphere. They indicate air pressure and temperature, record wind speed and direction as well as the movements of clouds. All the observations are summed up on special weather charts. The observations at the airports are made every 30 minutes and every 15 minutes if the weather suddenly gets worse or better.

Preparing for the flight the pilot is to get the latest weather information and weather forecasts along the planned route and at the point of destination and the alternates.

At a great number of met. stations situated along the airways complete weather observations are made and then transmitted to weather forecast centres by telephone, telegraph, radio and thousands of miles of teletype circuits. Thus, the pilot has a complete picture of the weather.

20-30 minutes before entering the aerodrome area the controller gives the pilot full information about the terminal weather. At many airports the information helpful for landing and take off is continuously broadcast on a navigational aid frequency. Prior to descent the pilot requests the actual weather and aerodrome conditions for the airport he is going to land.

It is considered that landing of an aircraft is probably the most difficult operation which a pilot has to perform and the standards of visibility required are higher than for any other phase of flight.

It is known that fog, rain and clouds often affect the aircraft operation. For many decades attempts were made to make flying independent of weather conditions or, in other words, to allow an aircraft to land under very low or zero visibility.

Now there exist several categories set up by ICAO:
Category I - 200 ft ceiling and 1/2 mile visibility;
Category II- 100 ft ceiling and I/4 mile visibility;
Category III - landing under zero-zero conditions.

Met. services for aviation require much work to collect data and prepare weather charts. This work is especially difficult for long-distance flights over vast areas with different climatic conditions.

Nowaday met. services for aviation are almost fully automated. Automated Surface Weather Systems are installed at the airports of many countries. The System provides for the measurements, processing and display of the following meteorological parameters: wind direction and speed, air temperature and dew point t°, runway visual range, minimum cloud height, barometric pressure.

The use of lazers makes it possible to give pilots all the necessary information when they land under low visibility conditions. The introduction of these systems has greatly increased the reliability and safety of flights.

Satellite meteorology has become an independent area of science. Weather forecasts based on information from outer space make forecasts more accurate and help to save a great sum of money annually.

At present the work of meteorologist becomes easier thanks to computers which make calculations quicker and due to them the weather forecast service is becoming more reliable. The use of satellites and computers greatly increases the accuracy of weather forecasts.

EXERCISES

I. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. What elements are included in weather report?
2. What is the object of meteorological service?
3. How often is weather observation made at the airport?
4. What do the instruments at the meteorological stations indicate?
5. What weather information does the pilot get before the flight?
6. Do the pilots obtain weather information while in flight?
7. When does the controller give the pilot full information about the terminal weather?
8. What phase of flight does especially depend on weather conditions?
9. What weather phenomena affect the aircraft operation?
10. What categories are set up by ICAO?
11. What does Automated Surface Weather System provide?
12. When do lazers help the pilots?
13. What is the advantage of satellite meteorology?
14. What other instruments make weather forecast service more reliable?

II. Переведите слова, обращая внимание на словообразующие элементы:

direct – direction
visual – visually – visibility
observe – observation – observer
equip – equipment
transmit – transmission – transmitter
regular – regularity
depend – dependence – dependent – independent
provide – provision
accurate – accurately – accuracy – inaccurate
rely – reliable – reliability – unreliable

III. Найдите в тексте эквивалент следующим словосочетаниям:

сводки погоды, погодные условия, давление воздуха, скорость ветра, направление ветра, нижняя граница облачности, прогноз погоды, центр прогнозирования погоды, прогностические карты, станция обеспечения полета, погода аэродрома посадки

IV. Переведите на английский язык:

1.Погода состоит из таких элементов как температура и влажность воздуха, атмосферное давление, скорость и направление ветра, видимость.
2. Дождь, гроза, туман, шторм и другие явления опасны для полета.
3. Перед полетом пилот идет в метеобюро, чтобы получить сводку погоды и прогноз не только по своему маршруту, но и в пункте назначения.
4. В каждом аэропорту есть метеостанция со специальными приборами, регистрирующими все изменения в атмосфере.
5. Имея все данные о погоде, синоптики составляют погодную карту.
6. Во многих аэропортах информация о погоде непрерывно транслируется на определенной частоте.
7. Посадка самолета – самая трудная операция.
8. Стандарты видимости для посадки выше, чем для любой другой фазы полета.
9. Сейчас большинство метеостанций почти полностью автоматизированы.
10. Автоматическая система погоды показывает скорость и направление ветра, температуру воздуха, точку росы, дальность видимости на полосе, высоту облачности.
11. Прогноз погоды, полученный со спутников, делает его точнее.
12. Использование спутников и компьютеров повышает точность прогноза погоды.

Контрольная работа

3 курс 5 семестр (25.02.03)

VARIANT 2

SAFETY

Safety is the most important problem in aviation. The prevention of collisions between aircraft in the air and on the ground is the main task of aviation specialists.
The achievement of aviation safety is the result of progress in many sciences and disciplines including engineering, aerodynamics, meteorology, psychology, medicine and economics.
Safety is ensured by thousands of ICAO and governmental regulations, by high standards in the design and manufacture of an aircraft and by rigid (strict) procedures of airline safety practices.
The aviation industry is constantly taking steps to prevent accidents but the crashes do occur time after time. They result from different causes: failure in the aircraft structure, human errors, navigational failures, malfunctioning of airborne and ground aids, hazardous weather conditions and so on.

Poor knowledge of English can also contribute to or result in an accident or incident.

Therefore ICAO revised the provisions related to the use of the language for radiotelephony communications and demands good discipline to follow more closely to standard phraseology in all air-ground exchanges. Experience has shown that phraseology alone is not sufficient to cover all of the potential situations, particularly in critical or emergency situations. That’s why proficiency in common or plain language is also of great importance. One of ICAO’s chief activities is standardization in all spheres of aviation operations. The main ICAO document is SARPS (International Standards and Recommended Practices). Its main task is to provide the necessary level of standardization for safe and regular air operations.

EXERCISES

I. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. What is the most important problem in aviation?
2. What is the main task of aviation specialists?
3. By what means is safety ensured?
4. What factors may cause accidents?
5. What can you say about the role of language in the problem of safety?
6. Can radiotelephony alone cover all of the potential situations?
7. What is the main document ICAO?
8. What is the main task of SARPS?

II. Переведите слова, обращая внимание на словообразующие элементы:

terror – terrible – terribly – terrific
danger – dangerous – dangerously
care – careful – careless – carelessness
safe – safety – unsafe
prevent – preventive – prevention
collide – collision
special – specially – specialist – speciality – specialize – specialization
achieve – achievement
ensure – insurance
govern – governor – government – governmental
regular – regularly –regulation – regularity – irregular
differ – different – differently –difference
fail – failure
navigate – navigator – navigation – navigational
hazard – hazardous
know – knowledge – unknown
provide – provision – provider
relate – relation – relative – relatively – relativity
communicate – communication – communicative – community
sufficient – sufficiently – sufficiency – insufficient
proficient – proficiently – proficiency
necessary – necessarily – necessity – unnecessary
critical – critically – criticize – criticism – uncritical
close – closely

III. Переведите на английский язык:

1. Самая важная проблема в авиации – безопасность.
2. Для обеспечения безопасности полетов ИКАО установила специальные правила и процедуры.
3. Все государства – члены ИКАО должны строго соблюдать все правила и процедуры, принятые ИКАО.
4. Одна из самых задач авиационных специалистов – предотвращать столкновение самолетов в воздухе и на земле.
5. Достижения в технике, аэродинамике и других науках повышают авиационную безопасность.
6. Еще одним условием, обеспечивающим авиационную безопасность, является стандартизация во всех авиационных операциях.
7. Всем авиационным специалистам очень важно знать английский язык.
8. Хорошее знание английского языка необходимо для обеспечение безопасности полетов.
9. Причина катастрофы - человеческая ошибка.
10. Самолет не смог вылететь из-за опасных погодных условий.
11. Отказ двигателя привел к катастрофе.
12. В районе аэропорта аварийная ситуация.
13. Одна из главных задач ИКАО – обеспечивать необходимый уровень безопасности.

Адрес публикации: https://www.prodlenka.org/metodicheskie-razrabotki/635201-kontrolnaja-rabota-na-temu-weather-climate-sa