Тексты по специальности на английском языке и задания к ним

Machine-tools

Machine-tools are used to shape metals and other materials. The material to be shaped is called the workpiece. Most machine-tools are now electrically driven. Machine-tools with electrical drive are faster and more accurate than hand tools: they were an important element in the development of mass-production processes, as they allowed individual parts to be made in large numbers so as to be interchangeable.

All machine-tools have facilities for holding both the workpiece and the tool, and for accurately controlling the movement of the cutting tool relative to the workpiece. Most machining operations generate large amounts of heat, and use cooling fluids (usually a mixture of water and oils) for cooling and lubrication.

Machine-tools usually work materials mechanically but other machining methods have been developed lately. They include chemical machining, spark erosion to machine very hard materials to any shape by means of a continuous high-voltage spark (discharge) between an electrode and a workpiece. Other machining methods include drilling using ultrasound, and cutting by means of a laser beam. Numerical control of machine-tools and flexible manufacturing systems have made it possible for complete systems of machine-tools to be used flexibly for the manufacture of a range of products.

Vocabulary:

machine-tools [məˈʃiːn tuːlz] — станки

electrically driven [ɪˈlektrɪklɪ drɪvn] — сэлектроприводом

shape [ʃeɪp] — форма

workpiece[ˈwɜːkpiːs] — деталь

accurate [ˈækjərət] — точный

development[dɪˈveləpmənt] — развитие

to allow [əˈlaʊ] — позволять,разрешать

interchangeable [ɪntəˈʧeɪnʤəbl] — взаимозаменяемый

facility[fəˈsɪlɪtɪ] — приспособление

relative [ˈrelətɪv] —относительный; родственник

amount [əˈmaʊnt] — количество

fluid [ˈfluːɪd] — жидкость

to lubricate [ˈluːbrɪkeɪt] — смазывать

spark erosion [spɑːk ɪˈrəʊʒən] — электроискровая обработка

discharge [dɪsˈʧɑːʤ] — разряд

by means of — посредством

beam [biːm] — луч

drilling[ˈdrɪlɪŋ] — сверление

flexible [ˈfleksəbl] — гибкий

assembly [əˈsemblɪ] – сборка,монтаж

range[reɪnʤ] — ассортимент,диапазон

repetitive [rɪˈpetɪtɪv] – повторяющийся

materials handling [məˈtɪərɪəlz ˈhændlɪŋ] - погрузочно-разгрузочныеработы

hazardous [ˈhæzədəs] – опасный,вредный

Translate these sentences into English:

1. Станки используются для придания формы металлам и другим материалам.

2. Станки обычно обрабатывают материалы механически, но в последнее время были разработаны другие методы обработки.

3. Материал, которому придается форма, называется заготовкой.

4. Они включают химическую обработку, электроискровую эрозию для придания очень твердым материалам любой формы с помощью непрерывной высоковольтной искры (разряда) между электродом и обрабатываемой деталью.

2. Большинство операций механической обработки выделяют большое количество тепла и используют охлаждающие жидкости (обычно смесь воды и масел) для охлаждения и смазки.

Robots in manufacturing

Today most robots are used in manufacturing operations. The applications of robots can be divided into three categories: 1. material handling

2. processing operations

3. assembly and inspection.

Material-handling is the transfer of material and loading and unloading of machines. Material-transfer applications require the robot to move materials or work parts from one to another. Many of these tasks are relatively simple: robots pick up parts from one conveyor and place them on another. Other transfer operations are more complex, such as placing parts in an arrangement that can be calculated by the robot. Machine loading and unloading operations utilize a robot to load and unload parts. This requires the robot to be equipped with a grip-per that can grasp parts. Usually the gripper must be designed specifically for the particular part geometry.

In robotic processing operations, the robot manipulates a tool to perform a process on the work part. Examples of such applications include spot welding, continuous arc welding and spray painting. Spot welding of automobile bodies is one of the most common applications of industrial robots. The robot positions a spot welder against the automobile panels and frames to join them. Arc welding is a continuous process in which robot moves the welding rod along the welding seam. Spray painting is the manipulation of a spray-painting gun over the surface of the object to be coated. Other operations in this category include grinding and polishing in which a rotating spindle serves as the robot's tool.

The third application area of industrial robots is assembly and inspection. The use of robots in assembly is expected to increase because of the high cost of manual labour. But the design of the product is an important aspect of robotic assembly. Assembly methods that are satisfactory for humans are not always suitable for robots. Screws and nuts are widely used for fastening in manual assembly, but the same operations are extremely difficult for an one-armed robot.

Inspection is another area of factory operations in which the utilization of robots is growing. In a typical inspection job, the robot positions a sensor with respect to the work part and determines whether the part answers the quality specifications. In nearly all industrial robotic applications, the robot provides a substitute for human labour. There are certain characteristics of industrial jobs performed by humans that can be done by robots:

1. the operation is repetitive, involving the same basic work motions every cycle,

2. the operation is hazardous or uncomfortable for the human worker (for example: spray painting, spot welding, arc welding, and certain machine loading and unloading tasks),

3. the workpiece or tool is too heavy and difficult to handle,

4. the operation allows the robot to be used on two or three shifts.

Questions:

1. How are robots used in manufacturing?

2. What is «material handling»?

3. What does a robot need to be equipped with to do loading and unloading operations?

4. What does robot manipulate in robotic processing operation?

5. What is the most common application of robots in automobile manufacturing?

6. What operations could be done by robot in car manufacturing industry?

7. What are the main reasons to use robots in production?

8. How can robots inspect the quality of production?

9. What operations could be done by robots in hazardous or uncomfortable for the human workers conditions?

Адрес публикации: https://www.prodlenka.org/metodicheskie-razrabotki/553719-teksty-po-specialnosti-na-anglijskom-jazyke-i