Статья

Diagram of a personal computer:

1. The monitor

2. Motherboard

3. The processor

4. Port of ATA

5. Operative memory

6. Extension cards

7. Computer Power Supply

8. The drive

9. Hard disk drive

10. The keyboard

11. Computer mouse

The Soviet micro-computer DVK-2 in the format of a personal computer. From top to bottom: alphanumeric display (terminal) 15I-00-013, display logic unit, interface unit, keyboard (disk drives are placed outside and not shown in the photo).

Computer (computer, MFA: [kəmpjuː.tə (ɹ)] - "calculator") - a device or system capable of performing a specified, clearly defined, variable sequence of operations. This is most often the operation of numerical calculations and data manipulation, but this includes I / O operations. The description of the sequence of operations is called the program

Computer system - any device or group of interconnected or adjacent devices, one or more of which, acting in accordance with the program, performs automated data processingBy abilities

One of the easiest ways to classify various types of computing devices is to determine their capabilities. All calculators can thus be assigned to one of three types:

specialized devices that can perform only one function (for example, the Antikythera Mechanism, 87 BC, or the thread predictor of William Thomson, 1876);

special purpose devices that can perform a limited range of functions (the first difference machine of Charles Babbage and a variety of differential analyzers);

general purpose devices used today. The name of the computer is applied, as a rule, to general-purpose machines.

Modern general purpose computer

When reviewing modern computers, the most important feature that distinguishes them from earlier computing devices is that, with appropriate programming, any computer can imitate the behavior of any other (although this possibility is limited, for example, by the capacity of data storage or the difference in speed). Thus, it is assumed that modern machines can emulate any computing device of the future that can ever be created. In a sense, this threshold ability is useful for distinguishing general-purpose computers and special-purpose devices. The definition of “general purpose computer” can be formalized in the requirement that a particular computer be able to emulate the behavior of a universal Turing machine. The first computer to satisfy this condition is the Z3 machine, created by the German engineer Konrad Zuse in 1941 (proof of this fact was carried out in 1998).

An example of a computer based on the decimal number system is the first American computer Mark I.

The most important step in the development of computing technology was the transition to the internal representation of numbers in binary form [10]. This greatly simplified the design of computing devices and peripheral equipment. The adoption of the basis of the binary number system made it easier to implement arithmetic functions and logical operations.

However, the transition to binary logic was not an instant and unconditional process. Many designers tried to develop computers based on a more familiar decimal number system. Other constructive solutions were also applied. Thus, one of the early Soviet machines worked on the basis of the ternary number system, the use of which in many respects is more profitable and convenient compared to the binary system (the Setun computer was developed and implemented by the talented Soviet engineer N. P. Brusentsov).

Under the leadership of Academician Ya. A. Khetagurov, a “highly reliable and protected microprocessor of a non-binary coding system for real-time devices” was developed, using a coding system of 1 out of 4 with an active zero.

In general, however, the choice of the internal system of data representation does not change the basic principles of the computer - any computer can emulate any other.The first three-way computer "Setun" on ferritodiod cells was built by Brusentsov at Moscow State University.

The surface character of the presented approach to the classification of computers is obvious. It is usually used only to indicate the general features of the most common computing devices. The rapid pace of development of computer technology means the constant expansion of its areas of application and the rapid obsolescence of the concepts used. For a more rigorous description of the characteristics of a computer, it is usually required to use other classification schemes.

Адрес публикации: https://www.prodlenka.org/metodicheskie-razrabotki/325074-statja