Проект «Высшее образование в США и России»

Contents

Introduction

General notes about the systems of the higher education in the Russian Federation

General notes about the systems of the higher education in the USA

The Universities of the Russian Federation

The Universities of the USA

The comparative analysis

Conclusion

Introduction

Education is more than reading, writing, and arithmetic. It is one of the most important investments a country can make in its people and its future, and is critical to reducing poverty and inequality. Education gives people critical skills and tools to help them better provide for themselves and their children.

Education helps people work better and can create opportunities for sustainable and viable economic growth now and in the future. Education helps fight the spread of HIV/AIDS and other diseases, reduces mother and child mortality and helps improve health. Education encourages transparency, good governance, stability and helps fight against graft and corruption. Education is a fundamental right.

The urgency of a research topic is due to the necessity of research the systems of higher education in our modern society.

The aim of our study is to determine the differences and similarities of the higher educational systems in The USA and The Russian Federation.

General notes about the systems of the higher education in the Russian Federation

After successful passing the state exams students usually apply the required documents to a university they would like to enter. Also they need to pass the entrance exams and in order to get the admission to

a university or institute.

There are state and commercial organizations which provide the higher education in Russian Federation – the choice depends on parents` abilities and preferences.

The system of the higher education consists of 5-6 years of studying on the particular faculty that students can opt. In Russia we have Bologna system of education (It is a process of creation of the common statements between European countries that helps to ensure better standards and quality of higher education qualifications. The Bologna declaration was signed by Education Ministers from 29 European countries in 1999 and formed a part of European integration.)

After entering the chosen university you automatically become an «undergraduate» student with an opportunity to choose courses you would like to study.

Then, completing the first year of the higher education you become a «Bachelor» - the first level of the higher education, lasts for 4 years - with the right to do a major course in order to become a «Master» - the second level, that means you will study 2 more years - of the particular direction: Science, History, Literature, Linguistics, Management and etc.

Choosing «Master» courses you get academicals knowledge and can continue your education teaching in the university as a lecturer or a tutor.

General notes about the systems of the higher education in the USA

Out of more than three million students who graduate from high school each year, about one million go on for higher education. A college at a leading university might receive applications from two percent of these high school graduates, and then accept only one out of every ten who apply. Successful applicants at such colleges are usually chosen on the basis of a) their high school records; b) recommendations from their high school teachers; c) their scores on the Scholastic Aptitude Tests (SATs).

The system of higher education in the United States comprises three categories Of institutions: 1) the university, which may contain a) several colleges for undergraduate students seeking a bachelor's (four-year) degree and b) one or more graduate schools for those continuing in specialized studies beyond the bachelor's degree to obtain a master's or a doctoral degree, 2) the technical training institutions at which high school graduates may take courses ranging from six months to four years in duration and learn a wide variety of technical skills, from hair styling through business accounting to computer programming; and 3) the two-year, or community college, from which students may enter many professions or may transfer to four-year colleges.

Any of these institutions, in any category, might be either public or private, depending on the source of its funding. Some universities and colleges have, over time, gained reputations for offering particularly challenging courses and for providing their students with a higher quality of education. The factors determining whether an institution is one of the best or one of the lower prestige are quality of the teaching faculty; quality of research, facilities; amount of funding available for libraries, special programs, etc.; and the competence and number of applicants for admission, i. e. how selective the institution can be in choosing its students.

The most selective are the old private north-eastern universities, commonly known as the Ivy League, include Harvard Radcliffe, (Cambridge, Mass., in the urban area of Boston), Yale University (New Haven, Conn. between Boston and New York), Columbia College (New York), Princeton University (New Jersey), Brown University, Cornell University, Dartmouth College, University of Pennsylvania. With their traditions and long established reputations they occupy a position in American university life rather like Oxford and Cambridge in England, particularly Harvard and Yale. The Ivy League Universities are famous for their graduate schools, which have become intellectual elite centers.

In defence of using the examinations as criteria for admission, administrators say that the SATs provide a fair way for deciding whom to admit when they have ten or twelve applicants for every first-year student seat.

In addition, to learning about a college/university's entrance requirements and the fees, Americans must also know the following:

Professional degrees such as a Bachelor of Law (LL.A.) or a Bachelor of Divinity (B.D.) take additional three years of study and require first a B.A. or B.S. to be earned by a student.

Graduate schools in America award Master's and Doctor's degrees in both the arts and sciences. Tuition for these programs is high. The courses for most graduate degrees can be completed in two or four years. A thesis is required for a Master's degree; a Doctor's degree requires a minimum of two years of course work beyond the Master's degree level, success in a qualifying examination, proficiency in one or two foreign languages and/or in a research tool (such as statistics) and completion of a doctoral dissertation.

The number of credits awarded for each course relates to the number of hours of work involved. At the undergraduate level a student generally takes about five three-hour-a week courses every semester. (Semesters usually run from September to early January and late January to late May.) Credits are earned by attending lectures (or lab classes) and by successfully completing assignments and examinations. One credit usually equals one hour of class per week in a single course. A three-credit course in Linguistics, for example, could involve one hour of lectures plus two hours of seminars every week.

Most students complete 10 courses per an academic year and it usually takes them four years to complete a bachelor's degree requirement of about 40 three-hour courses or 120 credits.

In the American higher education system credits for the academic work are transferable among universities. A student can accumulate credits at one university, transfer them to a second and ultimately receive a degree from there or a third university.

The Universities of the Russian Federation

Moscow State University.

It was founded in 1775 by M. V. Lomonosov. The university is considered to be one of the most popular and leading scientific centers by the right. Nowadays, there are several functional science schools where the Nobel laureates and Lenin prize-winners are teaching. The number of scientists reaches 2500 specialists, and 6000 doctors. Besides, there 1000 professors and 2000 lecturers and senior lecturers who work in MSU.

St. Petersburg State University.

On the second position there`s the St. Petersburg State University — one of the oldest Russian Universities. Nowadays 19 faculties where more than 20`000 students are taught are opened. It compounds of 13 researching institutes, also the faculty of Military studies and the faculty of Physical Education and Sports are working.

Moscow Physics and Technics Institute.

It was founded in 1951 and formed on the base of the faculty of MGU by the Nobel laureates N.N. Semenov, L.D. Landau and P.l. Kapiza. Nowadays the institute teaches and prepares highly qualified specialists in technical and scientific sphere.

The Universities of the USA

Harvard University (officially The President and Fellows of Harvard College)

Harvard University (officially The President and Fellows of Harvard College) is a private university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and a member of the Ivy League. Established in 1636 by the colonial Massachusetts legislature, Harvard is the first corporation chartered in the United States and oldest institution of higher learning in the United States.

During his 40-year tenure as Harvard president (1869–1909), Charles William Eliot radically transformed Harvard from a regional college into a modern research university with national scope. Eliot's reforms included elective courses, small classes, and entrance examinations. The Harvard model influenced American education nationally, at both college and secondary levels.

Among the best-known graduates of Harvard University are American political leaders John Hancock, John Adams, John Quincy Adams, Theodore Roosevelt, Franklin Roosevelt, John F. Kennedy, George W. Bush, Al Gore, Barack Obama and others.

Yale University

Yale University is a private research university in New Haven, Connecticut, and a member of the Ivy League. Founded in 1701 in the Colony of Connecticut, the university is the third-oldest institution of higher education in the United States. Yale has produced many notable alumni, including five U.S. presidents, seventeen U.S. Supreme Court Justices, and several foreign heads of state.

Incorporated as the Collegiate School, the institution traces its roots to 17th-century clergymen who sought to establish a college to train clergy and political leaders for the colony. In 1718, the College was renamed Yale College to honor a gift from Elihu Yale, a governor of the British East India Company.

Yale has produced alumni distinguished in their respective fields. Among the most well-known are U.S. Presidents William Howard Taft, Gerald Ford, George H.W. Bush, Bill Clinton and George W. Bush; U.S. Secretaries of State Hillary Rodham Clinton and Dean Acheson.

Princeton University

Princeton University is a private research university located in Princeton, New Jersey, United States. The school is one of the eight universities of the Ivy League, and is one of the nine Colonial Colleges founded before the American Revolution.

Princeton provides undergraduate and graduate instruction in the humanities, social sciences, natural sciences, and engineering.Princeton does not offer professional schooling generally, but it does offer professional master's degrees (mostly through the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs) and doctoral programs.

Founded in 1746 in Elizabeth, New Jersey, as the College of New Jersey, the university moved to Newark in 1747, then to Princeton in 1756 and was renamed Princeton University in 1896.

Princeton University has been and is home to a renowned group of scholars, scientists, writers, chief justices, and statesmen who include four United States presidents, two of whom graduated from the university. James Madison and Woodrow Wilson graduated from Princeton; Grover Cleveland was not an alumnus but served as a trustee, Chief Justice Oliver Ellsworth. Lady Michelle Obama graduated from Princeton.

The Leland Stanford Junior University

The Leland Stanford Junior University commonly referred to as Stanford University or Stanford, is a private research university located in Stanford, California, United States. The university was founded in 1891 by the Californian railroad tycoon Leland Stanford and named for his recently deceased son.

Stanford enrolls approximately 6,800 undergraduate and 8,300 graduate students from the United States and around the world. The university is divided into a number of schools, including the Stanford Graduate School of Business, Stanford Law School, Stanford School of Medicine, and Stanford School of Engineering.

Stanford is ranked second among world universities by the Academic Ranking of World Universities, and its undergraduate program is currently ranked fourth in the nation by U.S. News & World Report.

Japanese Prime Minister Yukio Hatoyama, former U.S. President Herbert Hoover, former U.S. Secretary of State Warren Christopher, and former Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak are alumni.

The comparative analysis

A feature of the educational process in universities in the US is that the student has responsibility for their own learning, which is built on the principles of variation, electivity and individualization. Student has access to all subjects available at the University. It doesn’t depend on the specialization which he chooses. But the real option depends on the student’s intellectual level.

System of higher education in Russia and the United States differ on the nature of the content of education. The content of education is characterized by strong position of US philosophy and pedagogy of pragmatism. The purpose of the USA education is to give practical skills to students. The western teachers think that Russian higher education is more "encyclopedic". The aim of Russian higher education is to give scientific knowledge to students.

The American system of evaluation of knowledge in the best way adapted to the credit system.

World University Rankings 2014-2015

Conclusion

The process of reforming of the educational system takes a truly global. Education reform has become an important part of the policy in each country, as the educational system is one of the most important factors of national security. We can`t imagine a modern state without the modern educational system.

The new fundamental trends of higher education include its globalization and internationalization.

There are a number of common problems in the education systems of the Russian Federation and the United States, reflecting global trends of development of educational systems. They determine the main direction of reforms:

- To change the objectives and functions of education;

- To develop its ability to innovate;

- To improve the quality of the whole educational system.

On the one hand, it is improving the quality of training; it corresponds to the real needs of society.

On the other hand, it is improving the efficiency of the system of training specialists

Адрес публикации: https://www.prodlenka.org/metodicheskie-razrabotki/131505-proekt-vysshee-obrazovanie-v-ssha-i-rossii