Английский в детском саду: Изучаем устройство компьютера

COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE

First of all, I would like express with my own opinion depends on computer architecture: Computer architecture is a specification detailing how a set of software and hardware technology standards interact to form a computer system or platform. In short, computer architecture refers to how a computer system is designed and what technologies it is compatible with.

Computer architecture covers the design of system software, 
such as the operating system (the program that controls the computer), as 
well as referring to the combination of hardware and basic software that 
links the machines on a computer network. Computer architecture refers to 
an entire structure and to the details needed to make it functional. Thus, 
computer architecture covers computer systems, microprocessors, circuits, 
and system programs. Typically the term does not refer to application 
programs, such as spreadsheets or word processing, which are required to 
perform a task but not to make the system run. 

In designing a computer system, architects consider five major 
elements that make up the system's hardware: the arithmetic/logic unit, 
control unit, memory, input, and output. The arithmetic/logic unit performs 
arithmetic and compares numerical values. The control unit directs the 
operation of the computer by taking the user instructions and transforming 
them into electrical signals that the computer's circuitry can understand. 

The combination of the arithmetic/logic unit and the control unit is called 
the central processing unit (CPU). The memory stores instructions and 
data. The input and output sections allow the computer to receive and 
send data, respectively. 

Different hardware architectures are required because of the 
specialized needs of systems and users. One user may need a system to 
display graphics extremely fast, while another system may have to be 
optimized for searching a database or conserving battery power in a laptop 
computer. 

In addition to the hardware design, the architects must consider 
what software programs will operate the system. Software, such as 
programming languages and operating systems, makes the details of the 
hardware architecture invisible to the user. For example, computers that use 
the C programming language or a UNIX operating system may appear the 
same from the user's viewpoint, although they use different hardware 
architectures. 

When a computer carries out an instruction, it proceeds 
through five steps. First, the control unit retrieves the instruction from 
memory—for example, an instruction to add two numbers. Second, the 
control unit decodes the instructions into electronic signals that control the 
computer. Third, the control unit fetches the data (the two numbers). 

Fourth, the arithmetic/logic unit performs the specific operation (the 
addition of the two numbers). Fifth, the control unit saves the result (the 
sum of the two numbers). 

Early computers used only simple instructions because the 
cost of electronics capable of carrying out complex instructions was high. 
As this cost decreased in the 1960s, more complicated instructions 
became possible. Complex instructions can save time because they make 
it unnecessary for the computer to retrieve additional instructions.

Адрес публикации: https://www.prodlenka.org/metodicheskie-razrabotki/324422-computer-architecture